AP Bio Unit 2 "Cells"

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

The cytoskeleton gives structure to the cell and is used as “highways” for moter proteins.

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Commonly known as the “powerhouse” of the cell. Makes energy molecules called ATP through aerobic respiration.

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. They capture energy from the sun from CO2 to turn into glucose.

What is the function of the cell wall?

The cell wall give shape and structure of plant cells.

What is the function of the lysosome?

The lysosome which is produced by the golgi apparatus, contains hydrolyic enzymes, digests old cell parts, food molecules, in white blood cells.

What is the function of the nucleus?

The nucleus holds DNA synthesis and stores DNA. The DNA contains dirrections to make proteins. Hosts RNA synthesis.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

The nucleolus is the center of the nucleus and makes ribsomes.

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Transports proteins. Translatoin for synthesis. Free ribosomes (stand alone) make sytoplasmic proteins. Bound ribosomes (on the rouch ER), make membrane and excretory proteins.

What is the function of the rough ER?

Compartmentalizes the cell for protein synthesis, since it has bound ribosomes on its surface.

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Contains enzymes that break doen macromolecules or poisons. Makes phospholipids for cell membrane.

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Center of cell. Takes vesicles delivered from the smooth ER and makes final touches. (Ex: adding phosphate) Sends final product out to cell.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Separates the internal environment from the external environment and compartmentalizes metabolism. Flter what comes in and out of the cell. It is made of 2 layers of phospholipids.

What 4 organelles are in all cells?

Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA/RNA

What is the main difference bettween procaryotic and eucaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound parts, procaryotic cells do not.

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Organisms that live within one another, a cell “engulfed” into another host cell.

What two cells are endosymbiotic?

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Why are some reasons come cells are endosymbiotic?

1.Have a double membrane

2. Can reproduce on their own

3. Can split to create a new cell

4. Have their own DNA

What SA:V ratio is better for a cell, higher or lower?

A larger ratio is more efficient for a cell.

As an organism increases in volume, their surface area to volume decreases.

What part of the phospholipid are hydrophillic and which is hydrophobic?

The outward facing head of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and polar. The inward facing tail is hydrophobic and nonpolar.

What is active transport?

Moves molecules against a concentration gradient form high to low.

What is passive transport?

Molecules r ions diffuse accoss a membrane from high to low concentration.

What is Bulk transport?

Cells are capable of moving large quantities of substances into and out of the cytoplasm

Which type of transports uses energy, passive or active?

Active transport does require energy while passive transport does not.

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water through a selectivley permiable membrane.

What is water potential?

A movment that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure.

What is tonicity?

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

What is osmoregulation?

The ability of organisms to maintain water balance with their enviroment and control their internal solute concentration.

What is a Na+/K+ ATPase?

Also known as a sodium potassium pump, it is a useful active transport protein in maintaining ion gradients in animal cells.

What would happen is a cell was in an isotonic solution?

When a cell is in a isotonic solution it is the same on the inside and outside of the cell and an equal ratio and is at equallibrium.

What would happen if a cell was ina hypotonic solution?

If a cell was in a hypotonic solute the outside solution would be greater so the outside solute would go into the cell, swelling it up, causing the risk of bursting

What would hapen if a cell was in a Hypotonic solution?

If a cell was in a hypotonic solution the outside solution would be lower and so water would rush out of the cell causing shrinking ans shrivling.