Cells, Systems, Cellular Respiration

prokaryotic cell

A unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotes.

eukaryotic cell

A larger, complex organism whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

cytoskeleton

Protein filaments and tubules that provide structure, shape, and aid in cellular movement.

ribosomes

Organelles that make proteins

lysosome

stores digestive enzymes

flagellum, flagella

Tail-like organelle used for cell movement

nucleus

stores DNA

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes and transports lipids

Golgi apparatus

packages and ships proteins and lipids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

makes and transports proteins with membrane-bound ribosomes

mitochondria

makes ATP

chloroplast

organelle in plant cells that converts sunlight into energy through photosynthesis; contains the green pigment chlorophyll

cell membrane

separates the inside of the cell from the outside; allows certain substances to enter and exit the cell

made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

phospholipid bilayer

two-layered membrane with hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tail; includes 4 types of embedded proteins

receptor proteins

cell to cell communication

bind to external chemicals to regulate processes

recognition proteins

provides a ‘fingerprint’ of a cell, can be recognized by others

lets immune system (WBC) know if it is an invader

transport proteins

passageway for molecules to go in and out of the cell

enzymatic proteins

speeds up chemical reactions in and out of the cell

breaks down large food molecules into usable nutrients

passive transport

movement of small and neutral molecules in and out of the cell

requires no energy; moves from high to low concentration

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

diffusion

small molecules passing through the cell membrane; high to low concentration; passive transport

facilitated diffusion

large or charged molecules that require transport proteins to enter or exit the cell; high to low concentration; passive transport

osmosis

diffusion of water through the phospholipid bilayer; high to low

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solution

isotonic solution

water passively transports in and out the cell at an equal rate

hypotonic solution

high solute concentration inside of cell

Salt sucks

water passively transports into the cell

hypertonic solution

high solute concentration outside the cell

salt sucks

water passively transports out the cell

active transport

movement of large/charged molecules, which requires ATP to pump transport proteins, low to high concentration

What is ATP and its importance

adenosine triphosphate; energy used by all cells

What is oxygen’s importance

oxygen is transported through the blood into the mitochondria to make ATP

Enzyme

protein that speeds up chemical reactions; has a selective active site

cellular respiration

breaking down food molecules to release energy

cellular respiration equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 32 ATP

Four steps of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Preparatory step / pyruvate metabolism

3. Citric Acid cycle / Krebs cycle

4. Electron Transport Chain

glycolysis

cytoplasm

glucose is broken down into pyruvate

makes 2ATP and 2NADH

(6-carbon molecule→ 3-carbon molecule)

Preparatory step / Pyruvate metabolism

Pyruvate enters mitochondria and is broken down into acetyl-CoA

(3-carbon molecule → 2-carbon molecule)

byproducts: 2 carbon dioxide

Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle

Acetyl-CoA initiates the cycle once oxygen is present

byproducts: 6NADH and 2FADH, 4 carbon dioxide

makes 2ATP

Electron Transport Chain

Mitochondria

Electrons from NADH and FADH used to power ATP synthase protein, which makes ATP

requires the NADH and FADH from the other steps

byproducts: 6 Water molecules

makes 28 ATP

Order of the Respiratory Tract

1. Mouth/nose

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchi (Left and right bronchus)

6. Bronchioles

7. Alveoli

Gas exchange:

Oxygen leaves the alveoli and enters the blood

Carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli to be exhaled

4 parts of the Circulatory system

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

artery

carries blood away from the heart

vein

carries blood toward the heart

capillaries

cellular exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste through its single-cell layer-thick walls

red blood vessel

oxygenated blood in a diagram

blue blood vessel

deoxygenated blood in a diagram

chambers of the heart

right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood

left atrium: receives oxygenated blood

right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood

left ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood

Digestive System

Pathway for Food:

1. Mouth

2. Pharynx

3. Esophagus

4. Stomach

5. Small Intestine

6. Large Intestine

7. Rectum

8. Anus

salivary glands

produces saliva in the mouth; contains salivary amylase that breaks down amylose (starch)

pancreas

secretes digestive enzymes, neutralizes acids, maintains blood sugar with insulin

gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

stomach

stores and mixes food

small intestine

digestion: breaks down and absorbs macromolecules, 95% nutrients absorbed

large intestine (colon)

absorbs water, eliminates waste, 5% nutrients absorbed

anaerobic respiration

Glycolysis but without oxygen

unable to do the other 3 stages of cellular respiration

makes 2 ATP