chapter 5: Electron and Bonding

When do ions form?

when atoms lose or gain electrons to become positively or negatively charged

what holds positive and negative ions together?

electrostatic attraction

What do dot-and-cross diagrams show?

the arrangement of electrons in an atom or ions, which are represented by either dots or crosses

what’s an ionic bonding?

an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ion

why is a giant lattice called ‘giant?

because it’s made of the same basic unit repeated over and over again

what is a giant lattice?

A large, repeating 3D structure of atoms or ions bonded together.

why do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Because the ions are free to move and carry a charge

why can’t ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid?

they are fixed in position by the strong ionic bonds

why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

they are held together by strong electrostatic forces which take loads of energy to overcome so melting and boiling points are very high

are ionic compounds soluble? why/why not?

yes, they tend to dissolve in water because part of the molecule has a small negative charge and the other bits have a small positive charge.

when do molecules form?

when two or more atoms bond together

what are molecules held together by?

strong covalent bonds

what is a covalent bond?

The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of elections and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

What makes dative covalent bond different from normal covalent bonds?

One of the atoms provides both of the shared electrons

What does the average bond enthalpy measure?

The energy required to break a covalent bond

what are orbitals?

Clouds of negative charge

how many electrons does an orbital hold?

Two electrons

What are electrons shell?

Energy levels around the nucleus where electrons are found.

What’s the shape of the s-orbital?

Spherical

What is the shape of the p-orbital?

dumbbell

How many orbitals does the s-subshell have?

1

How many orbitals does the p subshell have?

3

How many orbitals does the d subshell have?

5

How many orbitals does f subshell have?

7

How many electrons can the s subshell hold?

2

how many electrons does the p subshell hold?

6

How many electrons does the d subshell hold?

10

How many electrons does the f subshell hold?

14

What do the orbitals correspond too?

With blocks on the periodic table

Which orbital actually had a lower energy that the 3d subshell?

The 4s subshell

What does it mean now that the 4s subshell has lower energy level that the 3d?

The 4s subshell fills up first

How are electrons filled in orbitals?

Singly before they start sharing

How do you find the configuration of ions from the s and p block?

Add or remove the electrons to or from the highest energy occupied sub-shell

what are exception in electron configuration?

Copper and chromium donate one of their 4s electrons to the 3d subshell to make it more stable