Child Lang Exam 1

Speech

The physical production of language

3 parts of speech

Voice

Articulation

Fluency

Language

Shared, rule-governed information/code used between a sender and receiver

Parts of Bloom & Lahey’s model (1978)

Form

Content

Use

Component(s) of form

Phonology, morphology, syntax

Component(s) of content

Semantics

Component(s) of use

Pragmatics

What are the 5 components of language?

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

What is phonology?

Sounds/sound rules of language

What is morphology?

Structure/formation of words

What is syntax?

Rules governing how sentences are formed/word order

What is semantics?

meaning of words, phrases, and symbols

What is pragmatics?

How language is appropriately used socially

What is a language disorder?

Persistent/significant difficulty acquiring or using language in one or more of the 5 domains of language

What is a receptive language disorder?

How well a child understands language

What is an expressive language disorder?

How well a child communicated thoughts and ideas

What is a developmental language disorder?

Begins during language development, not caused by acquired neurological damage

What is an acquired language disorder?

Occurs after previously typical language development because of neurological damage/disease

What is a delayed language disorder?

Develops in the typical order, but more slowly

What is a deviant language disorder?

Develops in atypical pattern/order

What are the 2 parts of Bloom & Tinker’s model (2001)

Effort and engagement

What is effort?

The cognitive resources a child brings to language learning

What is engagement?

The child’s emotional involvement in language learning

What are the important cognitive skills in effort & engagement?

Effort:

• attention/memory

• object permanence

• cause and effect

• whole object assumption

• mutual exclusivity

• shape bias

Engagement:

• social interesr

• joint attention

• play

• imitation

What is whole object assumption?

Assume a new word refers to an entire objects

What is mutual exclusivity?

If a child knows one object’s name, they assume a new word refers to the unknown object

What is shape bias?

Assume objects with the same shape belong to the same category

What is object permanence?

Knowing something still exists even when you can’t see it

What is joint attention?

Child and another person intentionally focus on the same object

What are prelinguistic skills?

Communication skills used before words/formal signs that serve as building blocks for language

What is the order of speech perception?

Speech rhytm —> sounds of language —> word identification —> word comprehension

What is the expression order?

Early babbling → cmmunicative babbling —> first words

What is interaction order?

Joint attention —> gaze following —> pointing gesture

What is fast mapping?

Rapidly making an initial guess about a new word’s meaning

What is slow mapping?

Developing a deeper understanding through repeated exposure and different contexts

What is overextension?

Using a word too broadly

What is underextension?

Using a word too narrowly

Calling dogs, cats, horses, etc, all “doggie” is an example of ________

Overextension

Calling onky one specific blanket “blankie” is an example of ________

Underextension

What is phonological awareness?

Broad awareness of speech sounds; separating speech into words, syllabels, and sounds

What is phonemic awareness?

Awareness specifically of individual phonemes

What is decoding?

Sounding out a written word to identify it

What is an irregular word?

Words that cannot be fully decoded using common letter-sound rules

What is a sight word?

A word recognized immediately rather than needing to be sounded out`

What is phonics?

Understanding letter-sound relationships

What is automaticity?

Recognizing words quickly and automatically

What is fluency?

Reading smoothly/automatically enough that attention can shift from learning to reading to learn

What is developmental language disorder (DLD)

Developmental language difficulties without another identified condition causing them

What is the biggest area of weakness for preschool children with DLD?

Morphosyntax

Late talkers are split 50/50 between what two categories?

Late bloomers and DLD

What’s the difference between late bloomers and DLD?

Late bloomers: spontaneously catch up

DLD: language problems persist

What are some risk factors for DLD?

Family history

Reduced communicative intentions

Delayed Babbling

Poor tense marking

Poor nonword repetition

Poor sentence recall

What is illusory recovery?

A child’s early language may appear to resolve but re-emerge when reading/writing and academic language demands increase

In order to diagnose DLD, you must rule out what 4 things?

Hearing impairment

Neurological diagnoses/damage

Significant Cognitive impairment

Other causal neurodevelopmental conditions

What are Brislin’s 8 Parameters of Culture & Language

1. Individualism vs collectivism

2. Place of work

3. Concepts of space & time

4. Language

5. Roles

6. Rituals & Superstitions

7. Class & Status

   1. Values

What are the 6 strategies for reducing bias in assessment?

1. Increase knowledge of the client’s cultural & linguistic background

2. Determine level of acculturation

3. Consider cultural variables

4. Determine the appropriate language(s) for testing

5. Use interpreters as needed

   1. Use alternative methods such as dynamic assessment

What is the main goal of reducing bias in assessment?

To distinguish a true language disorder from a cultural or linguistic background

What is dynamic assessment?

Evaluates how well a child can learn with teaching/support, rather than relying on standardized test performance