BIO-UN2: CELLS VOCAB

3 Points of Cell Theory:

1. All organisms are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from existing cells

What main idea does Cell Theory support?

→ All living things share similar structures (Cells)

What is the typical range of the diameter of cells?

5-50 Micrometers/microns

Cell Types

Prokaryotic + Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells:

→ First and simplest cell that lack nucleus/membrane-bound organelles. These types are typically bacteria and have circular DNA

Eukaryotic Cells:

→ Complex cells that have a nucleus/membrane-bound organelles. These include all cells (ex. protists,fungi,animal,plant) EXCLUDING bacteria

Cell Organelles

‘Little organs’ that perform a specific function in eukaryotic cells

Cell Membrane

‘Phospholipid Membrane’ that contains a double layer of phospholipids + protein and control what exits/enters cells

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance that holds organelles + site of chemical reactions; enclosed by cell membrane

Nucleus

‘Control center’ bounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores; controls cell activities & contains DNA.

Nucleolus

Organelle inside nucleus made out of rRNA & proteins; site of ribosome synthesis

Cytoskeleton

Made of proteins; maintains shape & moves organelles

Mitochondria

‘Powerhouse’; Generates Cellular energy (ATP) & site of cellular respiration (burning glucose)

More active cells have ____

More mitochondrias

Ribosomes

Made of rRNA + Proteins; site of protein synthesis

Rough ER

Connects to nuclear envelope & Cell Membrane; transports proteins

Smooth ER

Connects to nuclear envelope & Cell Membrane; makes membrane lipids (steroids)

Golgi Bodies/Apparatus

Receives proteins from ER→ Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins OR transport proteins out w/ vesicles

Vacuoles

Fluid-filled sacs for waste storage, water, nutrients (plants→ central/Large, animals → small)

Cillia & Flagella

Move cells, fluids, or small particles across surface (MOVEMENT); cilia are shorter and more numerous, flagella are longer and usually only 1-3 per cell

Specialized Animal Cells

Cheek, blood cell, muscle cells

Kinds of Animal Cells

Amoeba, muscle, blood cells, nerve, sperm, cheek, paramecium

Specific Animal Cell ONLY Organelles

Centrioles, lysosomes, peroxisome

Characteristics of Animal Cells

→Smaller size, irregular shape, no cell wall/chloroplast, nucleus in the center

Specialized Plant Cells

Guard, zylem, pollen cells

Kinds of Plant Cells

Onion epidermal, guard, root hair cells

Specific Plant Cell ONLY organelles

Cell wall, chloroplast

Characteristics of Plant cells:

Larger size, regular shape, cell wall + chloroplast + central vacuole, nucleus near cell wall

Centrioles

ANIMAL ONLY; assist in cell division

Lysosomes

ANIMAL ONLY; produced by golgi bodies to break down food, bacteria, worn out cell parts w/ digestive enzymes

Peroxisome

ANIMAL ONLY; produced by ER to digest fats and cleans up after lysosome (produced by liver to break down alcohol)

Cell wall

PLANT (+ protists, bacteria) outside of membrane; protects + supports cell (bacteria + protists have),

Chloroplast

PLANT ONLY) chloroplast → only in producers/organisms that have cholorphyll pigment to use energy from sunlight to make glucose (photosynthesis)

What is the Cell Membrane?

Boundary around cell made of proteins, carbs, and phospholipids

Functions of Cell Membrane

→ Separates components of cell from environment, selectively permeable (somethings can pass through), maintain homeostasis (internal balance)

Phospholipid Part of Cell

Made of glycerol + phosphate head and 2 fatty acid chains

Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic Parts of Phospholipid

Hydrophilic head (loves water) & Hydrophobic Tails (can not mix w/water)

Phospholipid bilayer

Two layers of phospholipids; hydrophobic tails face each other in the center to keep water from leaking & hydrophilic heads face outside + inside

Transport Proteins

Proteins that transport larger molecules through the cell membrane; integral/channel transports into cell membrane and peripheral transports to the side of membrane (outside/inside)

Carbohydrates

Stick to proteins/lipids & recognizes cells/help cells stick together

Carbohydrates PT.2

Glyco- Sugar

GlycoProtein- Carbs that stick to Proteins

GlycoLipid- Carbs that stick to Lipids

Cell Membrane

Fluid (flexible) Mosaic (many parts) Model

Solute

dissolved substance in solution

Cholestrol

Help maintain structure

Solvent

Substance that dissolves solute

Solution

Mixture of 2+ evenly mixed substances

Concentration

Amount of solute in solution

Concentration gradient:

Difference in concentration of substance across space (Ex> high one 1 side, low on another)

Equilibrium

Equal concentrations: molecules naturally move to equilibrium

Types of Cellular Transport

Passive & Active

Passive Transport

→ Doesn’t require energy and travels from high concentration → low concentration

Simple Diffusion

Molecules move from high → low using oxygen; mainly small non-polar molecules (lipids) that travel straight down the phospholipid bilayer

Faciliated Diffusion

Molecules move from high → low using transport proteins; mainly bigger POLAR molecules (carbs/ GLUCOSE)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane; high→low concentration

Rule about Osmosis:

Low SOLUTE always moves to High SOLUTE (technically high solvent/water → low solvent/water)

Isotonic Osmosis

Iso=same; same concentration outside and inside cell membrane/ equal water in and out

Hypotonic Osmosis

Hypo= below/less; smaller concentration outside than inside cell membrane → more solvent moves in causing enlargement of cell

Hypertonic Osmosis

Hyper= more/above; higher concentration outside than inside cell membrane → more solvent moves outside causing shrinking cell