Bones

Bone: Scapula (shoulder blade) - triangular flat bone

Species: Horse

• No Acromion

• Scapular spine fades out distally

• Ssf:Isf = 1:2

Side: Left -caudal angle more rounded

Bone: scapula

• Flat, triangular bone

Species: ruminant

• Acromion present

• Ssf:Isf = 1:3

• Rounded Glenoid cavity

• Broad triangular shape

Side: left

• Cranial angle is round

• Caudal angle is sharp

• Ssf ( cranial) is smaller

Bone: scapula

• Flat, triangular bone

Species: pig

• Scapular spine - huge, bent towards isf

• Ssf:Isf = 1:2

• No Acromion

Side: left

• Cranial angle - rounded

• Caudal angle - sharp

Bone: scapula

• Flat, triangular bone

Species: dog

• Ca twice as long as wide

• Acromion present

• Processus hamatus present

• Short processus suprahamatus

• Ssf:Isf = 1:1

Side: left

• Cranial angle - rounded

• Caudal angle - sharp

Bone: scapula

• Flat, triangular bone

Species: cat

• Acromion present

• Dorsal and cranial borders form a semicircle

• Processus hamatus present

• Longer Processus suprahamatus

• Ssf:Isf = 1:1

Side: left

• Strongly rounded cranial angle

• Sharp caudal angle

Bone: scapula

• Flat triangular bone

Species: rabbit

• Acromion present

• Processus hamatus present

• Very long Processus suprahamatus

• Ssf:Isf = 1:1

• Well-developed coracoid process

Side: Right

• Rounded cranial angle

• Sharp caudal angle

Bone: humerus

• Long bone

• Proximal head and tubercles

• Bicipital Groove

• deltoid tuberosity and brachial Groove

• Distal condyle and trochlea

Species: horse

• Massive deltoid tuberosity/crest

• Three proximal tubercles: greater, lesser and intermediate

• Two bicipital grooves

• Deep brachial groove

• Strongly developed proximal extremity

Side: left

• greater tubercle faces laterally

• Lesser tubercle faces medially

• Humeral head faces caudally/medially

Bone: humerus

• Long bone

• Proximal head and tubercles

• Bicipital Groove

• deltoid tuberosity and brachial Groove

• Distal condyle and trochlea

Species: cattle

• Massive proximal and distal extremity’s

• Strongly developed greater tubercle

• Triangular facies musculi infraspinati

• Robust shaft

• No intermediate tubercle

Side: left

• Head faces caudomedially

• Greater tubercle laterally

• Lesser tubercle medially

• Olecranon fossa caudally

Bone: humerus

• Long bone

• Proximal head and tubercles

• Bicipital Groove

• deltoid tuberosity and brachial Groove

• Distal condyle and trochlea

Species: sheep

• Long, relatively slender shaft

• Moderately developed proximal and distal extremities

• Greater tubercle strongly developed

• Triangular facies musculi infraspinati

• One bicipital groove

• No intermediate tubercle

Side: right

• Head faces caudomedially

• Greater tubercle laterally

• Lesser tubercle faces medially

• Olecranon fossa caudally

Bone: humerus

• Long bone

• Proximal head and tubercles

• Bicipital Groove

• deltoid tuberosity and brachial Groove

• Distal condyle and trochlea

Species: pig

• Very massive proximal extremity

• Narrow bicipital groove

• Robust, relatively short shaft

• Oblique, roof-shaped distal articular surface

• Supratrochlear foramen may occur in boars

Side: left

• greater tubercle faces laterally

• Lesser tubercle faces medially

• Humeral head faces caudally/medially

• Olecranon fossa caudally

Bone: humerus

• Long bone

• Proximal head and tubercles

• Bicipital Groove

• deltoid tuberosity and brachial Groove

• Distal condyle and trochlea

Species: dog

• Long, slender shaft

• Supratrochlear foramen at distal extremity

• Rounded capitulum humeri

• Well-developed deltoid tuberosity

• No intermediate tubercle

Side: left

• greater tubercle faces laterally

• Olecranon fossa and Supratrochlear foramen caudally

• Humeral head faces caudally/medially

Bone: humerus

• Long bone

• Proximal head and tubercles

• Bicipital Groove

• deltoid tuberosity and brachial Groove

• Distal condyle and trochlea

Species: cat

• Slender and relatively straight shaft

• Supracondylar foramen on medial distal humerus

• No Supratrochlear foramen

• Rounded capitulum humeri

• No intermediate tubercle

Side: right

• greater tubercle faces laterally

• Supracondylar foramen medially

• Olecranon fossa caudally

• Humeral head faces caudally/medially

Bone: humerus

• Long bone

• Proximal head and tubercles

• Bicipital Groove

• deltoid tuberosity and brachial Groove

• Distal condyle and trochlea

Species: rabbit

• Slender humerus

• Supratrochlear foramen

• Sharply edged trochlea

• No intermediate tubercle

Side: left

• greater tubercle faces laterally

• Olecranon fossa caudally

• Humeral head faces caudally/medially

Bone: Radius and Ulna

• Long bones

• Radius has a broad proximal articular surface and a distal carpal articular surface

• Ulna forms the olecranon and trochlear notch

• Olecranon projects proximally and caudally

Species: horse

• Radius is large and the main weight-bearing bone

• Ulna is strongly reduced and fused with the radius

• Ulnar shaft ends approximately in the middle third of the radius

• One proximal interosseous space

• No movement between radius and ulna

Side: right

• Olecranon faces caudally

• Radial tuberosity faces medially

• Medial styloid process faces medially

• Proximal extremity faces upwards

Bone: Radius and Ulna

• Long bones

• Radius has a broad proximal articular surface and a distal carpal articular surface

• Ulna forms the olecranon and trochlear notch

• Olecranon projects proximally and caudally

Species: cattle

• Radius and ulna are fused

• Ulna extends along the entire length of the radius

• Two interosseous spaces: proximal and distal

• Ulna forms the lateral styloid process

• Large, robust bones

• No pronation or supination

Side: left

• Olecranon faces caudally

• Radius is positioned cranially

• Ulnar styloid process faces laterally

• Radial styloid process faces medially

Bone: Radius and Ulna

• Long bones

• Radius has a broad proximal articular surface and a distal carpal articular surface

• Ulna forms the olecranon and trochlear notch

• Olecranon projects proximally and caudally

Species: sheep

• Long and relatively slender radius

• Ulna extends distally along the radius

• Ulnar and radius are fused

• Interosseous spaces may be visible

• Distal Ulna forms the lateral styloid process

• Rotation between radius and ulna is absent

Side: left

• Olecranon faces caudally

• radius is positioned cranially

• Radial styloid process faces medially

• Ulnar styloid process faces laterally

Bone: Radius and Ulna

• Long bones

• Radius has a broad proximal articular surface and a distal carpal articular surface

• Ulna forms the olecranon and trochlear notch

• Olecranon projects proximally and caudally

Species: pig

• Both are complete and separate, but firmly connected

• Ulna is particularly well developed

• Massive olecranon, approximately one-third of the ulna

• Narrow trochlear notch

• Independent styloid processes

• Very limited rotation

Side: left

• Olecranon faces caudally

• radius is positioned cranially

• Radial styloid process faces medially

• Ulnar styloid process faces laterally

Bone: Radius and Ulna

• Long bones

• Radius has a broad proximal articular surface and a distal carpal articular surface

• Ulna forms the olecranon and trochlear notch

• Olecranon projects proximally and caudally

Species: dog

• Radius and ulna are separate

• Large interosseous space

• Bones form a slightly crossed, X-shaped arrangement

• Radius is relatively straight

• Olecranon tuberosity is quadrangular

• Trochlear notch is approximately semicircular

• Pronation and supination are possible

Side: right

• Olecranon faces caudally

• Radieu lies cranially

• Radial styloid process faces medially

• Ulnar styloid process faces laterally

Bone: Radius and Ulna

• Long bones

• Radius has a broad proximal articular surface and a distal carpal articular surface

• Ulna forms the olecranon and trochlear notch

• Olecranon projects proximally and caudally

Species: cat

• Radius and ulna are complete and independent

• Large interosseous space

• Bones have a crossed arrangement

• Radius is slender and relatively straight

• Olecranon has a quadrangular tuberosity

• Trochlear notch is approximately semicircular

• Pronation and supination are possible

Side: left

• Olecranon faces caudally

• radius is positioned cranially

• Radial styloid process faces medially

• Ulnar styloid process faces laterally

Bone: Radius and Ulna

• Long bones

• Radius has a broad proximal articular surface and a distal carpal articular surface

• Ulna forms the olecranon and trochlear notch

• Olecranon projects proximally and caudally

Species: rabbit

• Radius and ulna are separate but closely connected

• Both bones have a curved appearance

• Quadrangular Olecranon

• Very deep Trochlear notch, approximately three-quarters of a circle

• Rotation between the bones is strongly restricted

Side: left

• Olecranon faces caudally

• radius is positioned cranially

• Radial styloid process faces medially

• Ulnar styloid process faces laterally

Bone: Os carpi radiale

• Short, irregular carpal bone

• Proximal articular surface for the radius

• Lateral articular surface for the intermediate carpal bone

Species:

• Horse: large, separate radial carpal bone

• Cattle: separate radial carpal bone

• Sheep: separate radial carpal bone

• Pig: Separate radial carpal bone

• Rabbit: separate radial carpal bone

Side: right

• Proximal articular surface faces the radius

• Medial surface towards the first digit

• Lateral surface faces the intermediate carpal bone

Bone: Os carpi intermedium

• Short, irregular carpal bone

• Proximal articular surface for the radius

• Articular surfaces for adjacent carpal bones

Species:

• Horse: separate, well-developed

• Cattle: separate

• Sheep: separate

• Pig: Separate

• Rabbit: separate

Side: right

• Proximal articular surface faces the radius

• radial carpal bone lies medially

• Ulnar carpal bone lies laterally

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Bone: Os carpi intermedioradiale

• Short, irregular carpal bone

• Large Proximal articular surface for the radius

• Several distal articular surfaces for the distal carpal row

Species:

• Dog/cat: radial and intermediate carpal bones are fused into one bone

• Broad, irregular shape

Side: right

Proximal articular surface faces the radius

• Medial surface towards the first digit

• ulnar carpal bone lies laterally

Bone: Os carpi ulnare

• Short, irregular carpal bone

• Articulates with the distal antebrachium

• has articular surfaces for the adjacant carpal bones

Species: horse/cattle/sheep/pig/dog/cat/rabbit

Side: right

• Intermediate carpal bone lies medially

• Accessory carpal bone lies palmarly

Bone: Os carpi accessorium

• Short, irregular carpal bone

• Articulates with the ulnar carpal bone and depending on species, the distal antebrachium

Species:

• horse: Large, prominent

• cattle: strong, well-developed

• sheep: distinct

• Pig/cat/rabbit: separate

• dog: prominent

Side: right

• Articular surface faces towards the ulnar carpal bone

Bone: Os carpale I

• Small carpal bone

• Located at the medial end

• Associated with the first metacarpal bone

Species:

• horse: small and variably present

• cattle: absent as a separate bone

• sheep: absent as a separate bone

• Pig/dog/cat/rabbit: present

Side: right

• articular surface for metacarpal I faces distally

Bone: Os carpale II

• Short carpal bone

• Medial to the third carpal bone

Species:

• horse: separate, relatively small

• cattle: fused with carpal III

• sheep: absent as a separate bone

• Pig/dog/cat/rabbit: separate

Side: right

• Located medial to carpal III

• Proximal surface faces the proximal carpal row

• Distal surface faces metacarpal II

Bone: Os carpale III

• Short carpal bone

• Articulates distally with metacarpal III

• Has articular surfaces with adjacent carpal bones

Species:

• horse: large, separate

• Sheep/cattle: fused with carpal II

• Pig/dog/cat/rabbit: separate

Side: right

• Located between carpal II and IV

• Proximal surface faces the proximal carpal row

• Distal surface faces metacarpal III

Bone: Os carpale IV

• Short, irregular carpal bone

• Located laterally

Species:

• horse: large, separate

• Cattle/sheep/Pig/dog/cat/rabbit: separate

Side: right

• Third carpal bone lies medially

• Proximal articular surface faces the ulnar carpal bone