biology chapter 7

electron carriers

textbook - a molecule that carries electrons from one set of reactions to another

personal - electrons being carried from one cellular station to another

example - NAD/NADH

electron transport chain

textbook - the system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane associated proteins from an electron donor to a final electron acceptor

personal - a cellular bridge where electrons are passed down a line to generate a big burst of energy

example - a crowd passing a beach ball down

glycolysis

textbook - the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration

personal - the first step of energy production where a single 6 carbon sugar molecule is sliced in half

example - breaking a single wooden log in half

intermembrane space

textbook - the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

personal - narrow fluid filled region located between the smooth outer membrane and the folded inner membrane

mitochondrial matrix

textbook - the space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria

personal - this is the large central fluid filled chamber entirely enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria

cytochrome C

textbook - the enzyme to which electrons are transferred in complex III of the respiratory electron transport chain

personal - a tiny mobile protein that carries single electrons from complex III to complex IV

example - delivery person

ATP synthase

textbook - an enzyme that couples the movement of protons through the enzyme with the synthesis of ATP

personal - a rotating molecular turbine powered by a flow of protons that cranks out ATP

example - hydroelectric dam

glycogen

textbook - the form in which glucose is stored in animals

personal - primary form of glucose storage in animals

starch

textbook - the storage form of carbohydrates in plants

personal - primary energy form of carbohydrates in plants

example - corn starch

b oxidation

textbook - the process of shortening fatty acids by a series of reactions that sequentially remove two carbon units from their ends

personal - the breakdown process where fatty acid chains are chopped up two carbons at a time

example - cutting a long rope

substrate level phosphorylation

textbook - a way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate

personal - an enzyme directly takes a phosphate group and slaps it onto ADP to make ATP

example - glycolysis, the conversion of PEP

oxidation reduction reactions

textbook - a reaction involving the loss and gain of electrons between reactants, also called a redox reaction. in biological systems, these reactions are often used to store or release chemical energy

personal - oxidation is losing electrons while reduction is gaining

example - the conversion of NAD to NADH during cellular respiration

citric acid cycle

textbook - the third stage of cellular respiration in which acetyl-CoA is broken down, and carbon dioxide is released, also called the Krebs cycle and TCA cycle

personal - breaks down acetyl CoA derived from nutrients to generate high energy electron carriers

Coenzyme Q

textbook - in respiration, a mobile electron acceptor that transports electrons from complexes I and II to complex III in the electron transport chain and moves protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

personal - a lipid soluble mobile electron carrier that shuttles electrons between complexes in the electron transport chain

lactic acid fermentation

textbook - the fermentation pathway in animals and bacteria during which electrons NADH are transferred to pyruvate, producing lactic acid and NAD

personal - how much muscles make quick energy without oxygen, making them feel tired and burn

example -intense exercise