A & P domestic Animals

What is the higharchy of organisms

Cells, tissues, organs, systems, organsims

Name the 11 organ systems

(1) Cardiovascular

(2) Digestive

(3) Endocrine

(4) Integumentary

(5) Lymphatic

(6) Muscular

(7) Nervous

(8) Reproductive

(9) Respiratory

(10) Skeletal

(11) Urinary

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy- study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Physiology- study of the functions of the body.

What is the scientific method?

Process humans use to understand the world around us

What is hypothesis?

a statement that can be tested

What is Law vs. Theory?

Theory- an explanation on how that law works.

Law-you see it, it happens.

What is evolution?

A gradual change in a populations genes over time.

What does Homologous mean?

Same working structures

What does analogous mean?

May appear to be the same but are different. EX: wings in birds vs wings in bats

What are the characteristics of life?

Organization(cells), living things use energy,Response to stimulus, growth and development, homeostasis, Adaption and evolution

What is homeostasis?

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

What is the most common feed back loop and how does it work?

Negative feedback -works to counteract change, like homeostasis

What are the negative feedback components, and define them*****

Sensor: Measures the variable being regulated

Integrator: Compares the Sensed information with the set point.

Set point: normal or ideal level (can change)

Effector:makes the corrective response

Give an example of positive feedback loop

Labor and delivery, keep increasing until it eventually stops

What are the different cell shapes? What do they look like?

Squamous-flat"squashed" Cuboidal- cube Columnar- column

Polygonal, Stellate-star shaped, Spheroid-RED BLOOD CELLS, Discoid,Fusiform-Spindle-shaped, Fibrous-Strands like fibers

Why are cells so small?

More surface area to volume, easier movement into and out of cell.

What are the two layers of the plasma membrane?

Intracellular face (inside),Extracellular face (outside)

What is the outer part of the cell called?

plasma membrane

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, Fluid Mosaic Model-Singer and Nicholson 1972

What two lipids are in the plasma membrane?

Glycolipids and cholesterol

What are Glycolipids?

Sugars- for cell identification and communication

What molecules helps stabilize and maintain rigidity/fluidity in the cell membrane?

cholesterol

What limits how large a cell can get?

The relationship between it volume and surface area

What are the types of proteins in the plasma membrane?

Integral-Transmembrane,glycoproteins

Peripheral-internal face, inside the cell involved in the second messeging system

What protein speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Enzyme

Proteins that extend through the cell membrane can be called What?

Transmembrane proteins

What causes binding to chemical messengers?

Receptor proteins

What are the membrane protein functions?

Receptor, Enzyme,Ion Channel, Gated Ion Channel, Cell-identity marker, cell-adhesion

What is the difference between a gated ion channel and an ion channel?

Gated ion-channel: Opens and closes, allows ions through at certain times

Ion-channel: Constantly open allowing hydrophobic molecules through

What helps identify and distinguish cells?

Glycoproteins

What binds one cell to the other?

Cell-adhesion molecules CAM

What is the second messenger system?

the primary messenger activates a second messenger inside the cell to make changes

What are the 3 extensions of the cells surface?

Microvilli,cilia,Flagella

What is microvilli?

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane-has actin linked to terminal web, can help in muscle contraction

What is cilia?

Tiny hairlike structures that propel substances along the surface of the tissue (Like in your throat/esophogus)

What is flagella?

Long, thin whip-like structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings (semen)

What is cytoplasm?

Everything inside the cell

What are organelles?

Little organs! Perform certain functions, solid structures

What is the cytoskeleton?

a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization

What are inclusions?

reserve deposits, have no purpose

What are the 9 cell organelles?

Nucleus,Mitochondrion,golgi complex, vesicles, Lysomes, Peroxisomes,centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosomes

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

site of cellular protein synthesis

Muscles cells contain high numbers of what for their high demand of ATP?

Mitocondria

Does the second messengers serve to transport material through plasma membrane?

NO! False

Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.

peripheral proteins

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails are called _______

Phospholipids

The organelle that is responsible for synthesizing lipids (fats) is called

Smooth ER

The organelles that houses dna is called?

Nucleus

Organs that works together can be grouped into a larger category called

Orans systems

Organelles that interprets part of the genetic code and synthesizes proteins are called?

Ribosomes

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?