MIS test 2

IS Infrastructure

The foundation layer of technology that supports an organization's information systems and operations.

Hardware

The physical computing devices that make up information systems infrastructure.

Software

The set of instructions that tells hardware what to do.

Data Storage

Information assets that are stored and processed.

Networking

Connection technologies that link systems and allow data exchange.

System Software

Software that manages computer hardware and provides a platform for applications to run.

Application Software

Software designed to help users perform specific tasks.

LAN (Local Area Network)

A network that connects devices within a small geographic area, such as a home, school, or office.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A network that connects devices across large geographic areas.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A network that connects devices across a city or metropolitan area.

PAN (Personal Area Network)

A network that connects devices within a person's immediate surroundings.

On-Premises Infrastructure

Technology infrastructure that an organization purchases, installs, and maintains itself.

High Capital Investment

A disadvantage of on-premises infrastructure that requires substantial upfront spending on equipment.

Physical Space

A disadvantage of on-premises infrastructure that requires dedicated server rooms or data centers.

Dedicated IT Staff

A disadvantage of on-premises infrastructure that requires specialized personnel to manage and maintain systems.

Scaling Difficulties

A disadvantage of on-premises infrastructure where adding capacity is slow and expensive.

Resource Underutilization

When infrastructure resources sit unused because companies must maintain enough capacity for peak demand.

TCP/IP

A set of communication protocols that allows devices to exchange data across networks.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

A protocol that ensures data is transmitted reliably and in the correct order.

IP (Internet Protocol)

A protocol responsible for addressing and routing data across networks.

Client Computer

A computer that requests information, resources, or services from another computer.

Server Computer

A computer that provides information, resources, or services to client computers.

Cloud Computing

The delivery of computing resources such as servers, storage, software, and processing power over the internet.

Private Cloud

Cloud infrastructure dedicated to a single organization.

Public Cloud

Cloud infrastructure owned and operated by a third-party provider and offered to multiple customers

Virtualization

Technology that allows multiple virtual computers or servers to operate on a single physical machine.

Green Computing

The environmentally responsible design, use, and disposal of computers and information technology.

Business Intelligence (BI)

The use of technology, tools, and processes to analyze data and provide actionable information that supports business decisions.

Data Collection:

Gathering data from internal systems, customer interactions, and external sources.

Data Processing

Organizing, cleaning, and transforming raw data into useful information.

Data Consumption

Using analyzed data to make informed business decisions.

Data

Raw, unorganized facts and figures without context.

Information:

Organized and structured data with context and meaning.

Knowledge

Actionable insights derived from information.

ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)

A process used to collect, clean, organize, and move data into a central repository for analysis.

Extract

Collecting raw data from different sources.

Transform

Cleaning, standardizing, and organizing collected data.

Load

Moving processed data into a database or data warehouse.

Data Warehouse

A central repository used to store prepared data from multiple sources for analysis.

Data Mart

A smaller, specialized collection of data focused on a specific department or business function.

Database

An organized collection of related data designed for easy searching and retrieval.

Database Management System (DBMS):

Software used to create, organize, manage, and access databases.

Metadata:

Data that describes other data.

Primary Key

A field that uniquely identifies each record in a database table.

Foreign Key

A field in one database table that references the primary key in another table.

SQL (Structured Query Language)

A standardized language used to query and work with relational databases.

CRUD Operations:

The four basic database operations: Create, Read, Update, and Delete.

Create

Adding a new record to a database.

Read

Retrieving an existing record from a database.

Update

Modifying an existing record in a database.

Delete

Removing an existing record from a database.

MapReduce

A data processing approach that divides large datasets into smaller tasks, processes them across multiple computers, and combines the results.

Map

The MapReduce stage that processes data and produces intermediate results.

Reduce:

The MapReduce stage that combines intermediate results into a final output.

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing):

Technology used to analyze data from multiple dimensions to support business decision-making.

Roll-Up:

An OLAP operation that summarizes data at a higher level.

Drill-Down:

An OLAP operation that examines data at a more detailed level.

Slice

An OLAP operation that selects a specific portion of data.

Dice

An OLAP operation that selects a smaller subset of data using multiple conditions.

RFM Analysis

A customer analysis technique that evaluates purchasing behavior using Recency, Frequency, and Monetary Value.

Recency:

How recently a customer made a purchase.

Frequency:

How often a customer makes purchases.

Monetary Value

How much money a customer spends.

Data Mining

The process of analyzing large amounts of data to discover meaningful patterns, trends, and relationships.

Big Data:

Extremely large and complex datasets characterized by volume, velocity, variety, and veracity.

Volume:

The large amount of data generated and stored.

Velocity:

The speed at which data is generated, collected, and processed.

Variety:

The different types and formats of data.

Veracity:

The accuracy, quality, and reliability of data.

Pull Publishing:

A method where users actively request or retrieve information when needed.

Push Publishing:

A method where information is automatically delivered to users without requiring them to request it each time.

Malware:

Software written with malicious intent to damage systems, steal information, or gain unauthorized control.

Virus:

Malicious code that attaches to a legitimate program and spreads when the infected program runs.

Worm:

Standalone malware that spreads automatically without requiring user action.

Ransomware:

Malware that encrypts data or locks systems and demands payment.

Spyware:

Malware that secretly monitors user activity and collects information.

Trojan Horse:

Malicious software disguised as a legitimate or trustworthy program.

Social Engineering:

Manipulating people into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security.

Phishing:

A social engineering attack that uses fraudulent messages pretending to come from trusted sources to steal information or trick users.

Defense in Depth:

A cybersecurity strategy that uses multiple layers of security controls to protect information systems.

CIA Triad:

A framework consisting of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability, the three essential principles of information security.

Confidentiality:

Information should only be accessible to people who are authorized to see it.

Integrity:

Information should be accurate and unaltered.

Availability:

Systems and data should be accessible to authorized users when needed.

Authentication:

The process of verifying the identity of a user before allowing access to a system.

Access Control:

Restricting which information, systems, and resources users are allowed to access.

Encryption:

The process of scrambling data so that only authorized parties can read it.

Data at Rest:

Information that is stored on devices or servers.

Data in Transit:

Information being transmitted across networks.

Data Backup

A copy of important information stored so it can be recovered if the original is lost, deleted, corrupted, or compromised.

Risk Acceptance:

Acknowledging a cybersecurity risk and choosing to live with it.

Risk Mitigation:

Reducing the likelihood or impact of a cybersecurity risk by implementing security measures.

Risk Transfer:

Shifting some of the financial consequences of a cybersecurity risk to another party, such as through insurance.

Principle of Least Privilege:

Giving users and systems only the minimum access necessary to perform their jobs.

Relative Reference:

A cell reference that changes automatically when a formula is copied to another location. Example: A1.

Absolute Reference:

A cell reference that stays fixed when a formula is copied. Example: $A$1.

Mixed Reference:

A cell reference where either the column or row is locked, but not both. Example: $A1 or A$1.

COUNT:

Counts the number of cells containing numerical values. Formula: =COUNT(A1:A10)

COUNTA:

Counts the number of nonempty cells, including cells containing text or numbers. Formula: =COUNTA(A1:A10)

COUNTIF:

Counts the number of cells that meet a specific condition. Formula: =COUNTIF(A1:A10,">50")