Immune activity in & against malarial infection (Cliona O'Farrelly lecture 2)

parasitism is a … … relationship between two organisms where one … and the other is …

nonmutual symbiotic, benefits, disadvantaged

protozoa are … … organisms with a … … nucleus that exist as … and … independent individuals

unicellular eukaryotic, membrane bound, structurally and functionally

what are the two vacciness for malaria?

RTS,S and R21

Measures used to prevent a mosquito from transmitting P. falciparum

1. … control

2. mosquito …

Prophylaxis

1. … where the two types are … and …

2. … (antibiotic)

Treatment options for an active malarial infection

1. …

2. …

1. vectro control

2. mosquito immunity

1. vaccines, RTS,S and R21

2. parasite killing drugs

3. doxycycline

1. artemisinin

2. quinines

quinines work as an active antimalarial treatment drugs by disrupting … … of Plasmodium

haem detoxification

RTS,S vaccine is a … … like particle that contains a genetically fused portion of the … domain and the … region of the P. falciparum …

hepatitis B, repeat, C terminal, CSP

what does CSP stand for?

circumsporozoite protein

RTS,S vaccine targets … and the … stage, by immobilising the … and preventing … infection

sporozoites, liver, parasite, hepatocyte

the liver is an …. … organ, balancing defence against pathogens with tolerance to harmless gut derived antigens it received through the portal vein

The hepatic cytokine environment mainly includes … and …

immunologically tolerogenic, IL10 and TGF beta

when developing a vaccine why should the following stages be targeted?

1. liver stage

2. blood stage

3. sexually mature gametocyte stage

1. helps prevent the initial infection in children

2. helps adults

3. helps prevent transmission

which proinflammatory cytokines does the liver produce?

which immunomodulatory cytokines does it produce?

IL6, TNF alpha and IL1 beta

IL10 and TGF beta

infected RBCs are killed by … … cells

CD8+ T

recurrent malaria infection confer … protective immunity

poor protective immunity

placental malaria results from … of … RBCs in the placenta, triggering … and impairing …-… exchange

placental malaria results from sequestration of infected RBCs in the placenta, triggering inflammation and impairing maternal-fetal exchange

revise notes on cerebral and placental malaria

ok

Malaria triggers inflammation when parasite derived … and host derived … activate … immune cells via receptors like … and … This leads to production of … cytokines causing … activation, immune cell … and … damage. The balance between … and … responses determines whether the disease remains … or progresses to … forms such as … malaria

Malaria triggers inflammation when parasite derived PAMPs and host derived DAMPs activate innate immune cells via receptors like TLRs and inflammasomes. This leads to production of proinflammatory cytokines causing endothelial activation, immune cell recruitment and vascular damage. The balance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory responses determines whether the disease remains mild or progresses to severe forms such as cerebral malaria.

Pathology and immunopathology of P. falciparum

1. diagnosis through a … … where the characteristic … are seen inside RBCs

2. mass destruction of RBCs leads to …

3. periodic … … first occur daily and then every 2 days

4. … damage occurs

5. enlarged … and … occur which can cause …

6. inflammation of the … as … … try to clear infected RBCs

7. inflammation of the … as infected RBCs bind to the …, … try to clear them up releasing … cytokines and causing …

1. blood smear, rings

2. anemia

3. fever cycles

4. kidney damage

5. enlarged liver and spleen, vomiting

6. spleen, spleenic macrophages

7. vasculatur, endothelium, monocytes, proinflammatory, clots