Medicine basics and vaccination

What diseases may you want to protect against in a breeding herd?

• Parvovirus

• Erysipelas

• Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome

• Porcine Circovirus 2

• Leptospirosis

• Clostridium novyi

What diseases may you want to actively protect against in a growing herd?

• Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (EP)

• Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2)

• Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

• Glaesserella parasuis (Glassers)

• Lawsonia intracellularis

• Erysipelas

• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)

• Escherichia coli

• Autogenous vaccines

  • Salmonella typhimurium

What disease immunity in a growing herd may be passed on from the sow to the piglet via MDAs if you protect the sow?

• Erysipelas

• Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome

• Porcine Circovirus 2

• Escherichia coli

• Clostridium perfringens

• Glaesserella parasuis (Glassers)

• (Atrophic rhinitis)

• Autogenous vaccines

What are the different types of vaccine?

• Inactivated

  • (primary course – slow – lower response)

  • (SAFE – cheap)

• Live

  • (primary course – quick – strong response)

  • (RISKY —> can prod. recombinent form)

  • live vacc for PRRS but NEVER use 2 live vacc for PRRS together

• Autogenous

  • (Emergency only – challenges)

What are the methods of admin of vaccination in pigs?

• Injection - subcut, IM, intradermal

• Oral

• Water

What order of importance should pigs be vaccinated in?

Gilts : Sows : Boars : Growing herd

What vaccines may you give to gilts in a commercial herd?

• Parvovirus

• Erysipelas

• PCV2

• E.coli

• Clostridium perfringens

• PRRS

• Leptospirosis

What vaccines may you give to sows in a commercial herd?

• Parvovirus

• Erysipelas

• PCV2

• E.coli

• Clostridium perfringens

• PRRS

• Leptospirosis

• Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

• (GPS)

booster vacc (from when given as gilt)

How should boar vaccination be approached?

Treat like gilt

mix with many sows so must ensure up to date with vacc

What vaccines are commonly used in piglet programmes?

• PCV2

• Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

• PRRS

• Lawsonia intracellularis

• Erysipelas

• Glaesserella parasuis

• E.coli

• Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

How do antibody levels in young pigs change over time?

When vaccinating a growing pig what are some important things to keep in mind?

• MDA interference (Sow PRRS and Eryspielas vaccine can interefere with piglet vaccine)

• High infection pressure will cause MDAs to be used up quicker

What are the legalities behind autogenous vaccines?

• Have to culture bacteria from the farm where you are going to use it in the UK

• Can only be used if there is nothing else licensed/ doesn't work

• All inactivated

How do you restrain a pig?

• Snare is 'gold standard'- behind canine teeth

• Can use pig boards, environment (walkway, gates), crates, crowding, holding

What are the pros + cons of using water to admister medication?

+ves

• Easy to administer – no stress

• Quick start of medication

• Treatment & control

• Intermediate cost

• Flexible – dependent on plumbing / access

-ves

• Group treatment – reduced targeting

• Not guaranteed uptake

• System installation

• Plumbing/blockages

What are the pros + cons of using feed to admister medication?

+ves

• Whole groups treated

• Disease prevention uses

• Least cost per treated animal

• Potential for regional / neighbour farm health upgrade

-ves

• Variable dose

• Slow start of treatment

• Reduced targeting of ill animals

• Least effective method to treat ill animals

• Residue risk

• Logistics for small quantities

What is the injection site for a pig?

Side of neck

• IM - long needle to go through subcut fat, 90°

  

  
  

• subcut - shorter needle, 45^o

(don't want to hit sciatic in leg or damage meat —> expensive cut)

inject in triangle between ear, shoulder + back of neck

What do the medication records on a farm have to include?

• Product used & batch

• Treatment period (start & end dates)

• ID of animal

• Treatment reason (note of dz being tx required for red tractor)

• Dose given & route

• Withdrawal period

• Clearance date

• Initials / name of person giving the medicine

How are ABs commonly administered in pigs?

in feed > in water > injectable

What are the different categories of ABs?

Recall the low, medium and high penetration antibiotics

• Low penetration:

  • GIT; joints; pleura; peritoneum

  • NOT CSF, milk or transcellular

  • beta lactams (C)

  • penicillins (D)

  • aminoglyosides (C) (spectinomycin)

  • (cephalosporins); (colistin)

• Medium penetration:

  • milk/PMNs

  • CSF depends on protein binding (sulphonamides)

  • sulphonamides (D) (trimethroprim)

  • macrolides (C)

  • tetracyclines (D)

• High penetration:

  • very extensive in intracellular

  • Higher tetracyclines

  • Florfenicol (C)

  • (fluoroquinolones)

What size needle do you use for an IM injection in weaners, frowers and finishers?

Weaners: 21G (green)

Growers: 19G (pink)

Finishers: 16G (metal hub)

What is the only cocidiostat licensed in pigs and the ROA?

Toltrazuril

• Oral and injectable (combined with iron)

What hormones can be given to pigs?

Oestrus changes

• Stimulate- PG600 or GnRH analogues

• Synchro- Synthetic progestogens

Farrowing assistance

• Induction- PGF2a

• Uterine contraction/milk let down- oxytocin or analogues

How are progestagens given in pigs for synchronisation?

• Oral dose for 18 days, with oestrus seen 5 days after the last dose

• Ovaries must be active

• Don't underdose- they will never cycle again (cystic ovary)

What is the use of NSAIDs in pigs?

• Anti-inflamm

• Anti-pyretic

given IV or oral

When may steroids be used in pigs?

very short term treatment