Exercise Science Exam 2

Flexibility definition

Ability of a joint and muscle to move through their full range of motion

True or false -flexibility does not have the same health benefits as aerobic or muscular fitness

True

Flexibility is affected by

5 things

Body specifics: joint types, differing muscle lengths, ligaments, tendons, muscle type, skin)

Age: flexibility decrease as age increases

Gender: Females are more flexible than males due to difference in joint structure

Physical activity level

Muscle Temperature: warm muscles are more flexible

Flexibility benefits

8 things

Improved mobility and performance

Better posture and alignment

Reduced risk of energy

Improves joint stability

Decreases muslce soreness

Enhanced blood flow and circulation

Pain management

Stress Relief and relaxation

Components of a flexibility program:

Targets _ _ _

Completed through a warm up of about _ _ or after a _ _

Temperature of the muscles needs to be _

FITT_VP principle-

Frequency-

Intensity

Time

Volume and pattern

Targets all muslce groups

Completed through a warm up of 5 minutes or after a training session

Temperature of the muscles needs to be increased

Frequency- 2 to 3 times a week for a minimum of 10 minutes

Intensity- To the point of mild tightness without discomfort

Volume/Pattern- 60 seconds per joint

Static stretching

Active stretch:

Passive stretch:

Static-holding a muslce in a stretched position 10-60 seconds

Active- hold stretch with muscles

Passive- someone or something assists in stretch

Dynamic Stretching

Controlled smooth repetitive movements through range of motion, walking lunges, leg swings,

BAD stretching

Ballistic- quick bouncing movements that push muscles beyond normal range of motion , high injury risk

PNF stretching- Proprioceptive Nueromusucalr Fasciliation

Hold- relaxes into deeper stretch

Contraction- relax agaisnt resistance

Fast flexibility gains, physical therapy, athletic training

Risk factors for chronic diseases begin early

Heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, ostoreporosis, NEW STROKE RISK

Kids who are active regularly

Highler levels of aerobic fitness

Higher levels of muscular fitness

Decreased body fat

Stronger bones

Better mental health

Enhanced well being

_ percent of US youth meat recommended guidelines for physical activity

25

Fat cells during childhood and adolescence:

Increase in number(hyperplasia)

Increase in size (hypertrophy)

Fat cells during adulthood

Increase in size

Total number of fat cells is stable

What happened with weight loss later in life with fat cells

Fat cells shrink, number stays high

Childhood is a critical period for _ _ _

Fat cell number devlopment, children who are obese create more fat cells and they generally do not go away

Majority of children in us do not meet recommendations:

Motivate children to _ _

Demonstrate _ _

Build their food _

Offer healthy options and _ _ _

Three meals plus snacks _ _ _ _

Don’t _ _

No __

Eat well

Healthy eating

Build their fold repertoire, no more clean plate club

Offer healthy options adn let them choose

Three meals plus snacks - not enough caloric intake

Don’t skip meals

No sugary snacks

Infants (0-12 months primary nutrition )

Breast milk, iron fortified formula for a minimum of 6 months

General introdciution to solids at 6 months( iron fortified cereals, puréed frutis/vegetables, proteins)

Infants key nutrients

Iron-Brain devlopment

Vitamin D

Healthy fats- critical for brain growth

No honey, no cows milk

Toddlers/ Pre schoolers (1-5 years)

Diet focus-

Portion size-

Key nutrients

Diet-variety, expose to new foods

Portion size- ¼ to ½ of adult portions

Key nutrients: calcium and vitamin d for both growth, protein-growth and repair, fiber-prevents constipation

Toddlers and Pre schoolers guidelines

Limit _ _

Encourage _ _ _

2-3 cups of

Influenced by who

Limit added sugars

Encourage fruits, vegetables, whole grains

2-3 cups of milk or dairy alternatives daily

Influenced by parents, caregivers, and adults

School age children(6-12 years)

Diet Focused-

Key nutrients-

Diet focused- balanced meals, energy growth, and school performance

Nutrients- protein-muslce devlopment, (lean meats, beans, eggs) iron-prevents anemia, calcium and vitamin D-bone strength

School age children guidelines

5+ servings of _ _ _

Whole grains for _ _

Limit _ and _

Encourage water over _ _

5+ servings of fruits/vegetables daily

Whole grains for sustained energy

Limit sugary snacks and drinks

Encourage water over juice and soda

Adolescence( 13-17 years)

growth spurt needs-

Key nutreitns_

What is built during adolescence

higher calorie, protein, and micronutrient demands

Key nutreitns- calcium, vitamin D- builds bone mass, protein-supports muscle devlopment, iron- especially important for girls after menstruation begins, omega 3 fatty acid- brain health

PEAK BONE MASS IS BUILT DURING ADOLESCENCE

Guidelines for adolescence

3-4 servings of _ _ _ _

Balanced meals -

Limit _ _

Limit _ _

Encourage _ _ with food

Substitute whole fruit for _ _

3-4 servings of calcium-rich foods such as milk yogurt

Balanced meals- lean protein, whole grains, fruits/vegetables

Limit processed foods

Limit junk foods

Encourage health relationships with food- addresses body image and dieting pressures

Adolescence guidelines

Substitute whole fruits for _.

replace starchy vegetables with

Increase consumption of to replace

Eat _ daily , especially

Sofas-

Substitute whole fruit for fruit juice

Replace starchy vegetables with dark green vegetables and orange vegetables

Increase consumption of milk to replace soda

Eat breakfast daily epically cereals with vitamin E

Sofas- solid fast and added sugars make up 40 percent of all calories for adolescents

General Nutrition

Hydration —

Portion control -

Meal patterns -

Role modeling-

Hydration-water, water, water

Portion control- kids self regulate well

Meal patterns- regularly family melas improve nutrition, mental health, and stability

Role modeling-Parents habits strongly influence children’s choices

Importance of Family Meals:

Improved nutrition and health-

Better academic and social outcomes

Emotional and Mental Health benefits

Strengthens family bonds

Teaches healthy habits and manners

Consume more frutis, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, vitamins b6, b12, c and iron

Higher grades, and social outcome, stronger language skills, improved communication

Higher self esteem, lower stress,

Memories, unity, belonging

Table manners and eating patterns

How many children in us are overweight

How many children in us are obese

More at risk populations

1 in 3 are overweight

1 in 6 are obese

Hispanic and black populations are more at risk, low incomes

Why are us obese rates projected to increase childhood 24.2 and adults 31

Increase sedentary behavior- 7 hours a day

Cutbacks in physical education - ½ for boys and ¾ for girls

Reduced outdoor play - safety concerns, physical environmetn, busy schedules

Policy - super size soda machines

Skipping meals

Emotional eating

Medical screening necessary for children

Not for healthy children

For children with asthma, diabetes, obesity, other concenrs lower amount of activity, progress slowly

For youth in competitive sports-sport physical required

Importance of physical activity for children

Physical benefits-

mental benefits-

Social benefits-

Academic benefits -

Psychological Benefits-

Physical- cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, flexibility, bone density

Mental- reduced stress and anxiety, reduced depression, boosts self esteem increases cognitive function

Social- encourages teamwork, encourages communication , corporation

Academci- improves concentration, improves memory, improves classroom behavior

Psychological- sense of accomplishment, learning from failure, self esteem

Infants physical activity-

Promotes movements and exploration of their environment

Toddler physical activity (1-3 years)

Learn to walk, run leap throw

Short bursts of moderate physical activity

Structured for 30

Unstructured-60 minutes to several hours

Should not be sedentary for more than 60 minutes

Recommended physical activity guidelines preschoolers(3-5 )

Learn and refine motor skills before EXAMPLE TOO

Planned strucutes physical activity of vigorous to moderate intensity -

Minutes of structured activity daily

Unstructured

Sedentary should be limited to

Before kintergarden, skipping

6-10 minutes of vigorous to moderate

Unstructured from 60 minutes to several hours

Sedentary other than sleeping should be limited to 1 hour

Recommend youth activity guideliens (6-17)

Minimum of

At least

All or

Avoid over

Should be

On average, during a 20 minute recess,

Minimum of 60 minutes to up to several hours

At least moderate intensity

All or most days of the week

Avoid over 2 hours of sedentary behavior

Should be rhymic, large muslce activities

On average, during a 20 minute recess, 12 minutes of PA

Resistance Training

Younger children-

Children 7-18 -

Older youth-

Younger children- body weight exercises push ups sit ups

Children 7-18- rubber tubing, weight machines

Older - supervised, specialized program, light loads controlled movements

How can we change obesity rate in children

Increase

Diet with

No

Food with

Make healthy food

Increase physical activity and exercise

Diet with veggies, fruits, whole grains, protein

No processes and unhealthy foods no added sugars

Food with higher nutritional values in schools

Make healthy food cheaper, junk food more expensive

What else can we do to change obesity rate in children Increase Diet

Build

Promote

Create programs for

Don’t allow peopel to buy unhealthy foods with

Build safe playgrounds in neighborhoods

Promote physical activity in schools

Create programs for families with low incomes to get their children nutritional food

Don’t allow people to buy unhealthy foods with EBT

How many adults fall each year

How many annually

1 in how many falls have serious injuries

1 in 3 adults fall each year

14 million falls annually

1 in 5 falls have serious injuries

What is leading cause of injury and injury realted death over 65

What percent of all hip fractures are caused by falls

After a fall, older adults haev a _ percent chance of dying

Falling once approximately _ the change of falling again

Falls are leading cause of injury and injury realted falls

95 percent fo all hip fractures are caused by falls

After a fall, older adults have s 27 percent chance of dying Falling once

Falling once approximately doubles teh change of falling again

Loss of independence

Fall are _ an inevitable consequence of again

Aging increase the risk of :

NOT

Strength, balance, mobility, physical activity, but they all modify the risk

Why do older adults fall

Strength-

Flexibility-

Poor. Balance-

Gait-

Vision

Proprioception -

medications

Reaction time

Chronic diseases-

Footwear/footwear problems

Environmental hazards

Devlop dear o falling-

Strength- declines wiht age

Flexibility-declines with age, joint mobility

Poor balance- center of mass over base of support

Gait- slows, stance widens, stride shortens

Pricioreception- neurological changes

Chronic diseases- arthritis, diabetes, stroke, cod, Parkinson’s

Devlop fear of falling- cyclic problem, qol

How do we fix falling

Problem- lack of , inability to recover from a or _

Solution-

Problem =- lack of reserve, inability to recover from slip or a trip

Solution-strength, balance, reaction time, sensory input , increase aerobic capacity, increase strength, increase flexibility increase neuromuscular fitness

ASCM recommends for older adults :

Moderate intensity-

Vigorous-

Combination of moderate and vigrouous for

Moderate- least 30 minutes per day 5 days a week, 150

Vigorous- 20-25 minutes per day three days a week, 75

Combination- 20 to 30 minutes per day three-5 days a week

ACSM additional physical activity guidelines

_ minutes o moderate per week or

- minutes of vigrouous

Or a combination of moderate.vigrouous of hw long

300 of moderate a week

150of vigorous a week

Or a combination of moderate and vigorous intensity for 40-60 minutes per day three-5 days a week

Older adults should try to avoid _ _ activities that put excessive strain on joints, muscles, and ligaments

_ to - days a week

Lowe the _ _

At least _ minutes for moderate

At least _ minutes of strenuous

Can divide into _ minute segments during the day

Accumulate at least _ each week

Should try to avoid high impact liek running

3-5 days a week

Lower the exersice intensity like walking vs tennis

At least 30 minutes for moderate

At least 20 minutes for strenuous

Acccumialte at least 150 minutes each week

Inverse relationship between

Intensity adn duration

The greater the teh shorter teh

The longer teh lessen teh

On a scale of 1-10 :

The greater the intensity, the shorter the duration

Teh longer the duration, lessen the intensity

0-rest

5-6-moderate

10-maximal

Aerobic benefits for older adults

Improves heart and lung health-

Reduces risk of chronic diease-

Enhances weight management-

Strengthens muscles and joints-

Boosts brain and mental health-

Improves balance/cordiation-

Increases energy/endurance-

Promotes longevity and quality of life-

Heart adn lung- strengthens heart muscle, increases v02 max and lung capacity, lowers blood pressure and resting heart rate

Chronic disease-lowers risk of cardiovascular diease, stroke, type 2, regulates blood glucose levels adn chlosterol levels

Weight management- improves metabolism, burns calories, reduces body fat

Muscles adn joints- muscular endurance imporvetns, and joint function, reduces stiffness and arthritis , better posture

Brain and mental health- blood flow to improve cognition, memory, release endorphins to reduce anxiety

Balance and coordination- nueromusucalr control , imrpoves reaction time

Energy and endurance- reduces fatigue, improves ability to perform adds

Life- longer lifespan, greater functional independence, social interaction

How to know if making progress

Resting heart rate _

When doing the same activity is and perception of _ _

Does heart rate return to resting _ following a workout

When completing teh same number of minutes of activity is the _ higher

Can continue longer at _ _

Increase the _ _ exersicign each week

Resting heart rate lower

When doing same activity, heart rate and perception of effort lower

Does heart rate return to resting faster following a workout

When completion the smae number of minutes of activity, is it at a higher intensity

Can continue longer at teh same intensity

Increasing teh total time exercising each week

Resistance training

-to _ days per week to maintain muscular fitness

Train each of tje major muscle groups 2 - - days a week

With at least _ hours of recovery time (don’t train same body part two days in a row)

Each session- how many reps and sets

Rest between - to 3

For de condition older adults- begin with

2 to 3 days per week

Train each of the major muscle groups 2-3 days a week

48 hours of recovery time between sessions

Each session 1-3 sets of 8-12 reps

For deconditioned older adults- 1 set of 10-15 reps with lighter to moderate resistance , then progress

Resistance benefits :

Increased muslce strength/mass-

Enhances bone health-

Improves metabolic health-

Boosts joint health and mobility -

Improvs balance-

Supports cardiovascular health -

Enhances mental health/cognitive function-

Promotes independence and quality of life-

ncreased muslce strength/mass- counters sarcopenia, imrpoves ability to perform adds and iadls

Enhances bone health- stimulates bone remodeling, increases bone mineral density, reduces risk of ostoperosis

Improves metabolic health- increases resting metabolic rate, improves insulin sensitivity

Boosts joint health and mobility -strengthens muscles around joints, enhances flexibility and rage of motion

Improvs balance- reduces fall risk, enhances nureomuscualr coordination and core stability(falls)

Supports cardiovascular health - chlosterol profiles and enhances circulation, reduces blood pressure

Enhances mental health/cognitive function- increases self-efficacy and confidence , reduces depression and anxiety , blood flow

Promotes independence and quality of life- live independently longer, improved mobility, recover from fall

Resistance training progress

Are you able to lift the same weight - times rather than just 8 before becomign fatigued

Are you able to increase the weight lifted or _ you overcome

Are you able to complete more _ _ _

Are you able to increase the number of _ completed targeting a specific muscle group

Lift same weight 12 times

Increase weight lifters or resistance you overcome

Are you able to complete more body weight exercises

Are you able to increase the number of sets completed targeting a particular muscle group

ACSM guideliens for flexibility for older adults

Stretching Targets _ _ in body

Muscles should be _ to be most effective

Stretch at least - to - days per week

For static stretching, hold the stretch for -to- and repeat

Total of - seconds of stretching for each activity

For dynamic stretching, use _ _

Major joints

2-3 days

Static-10-30 then repeat

Total of 60 seconds of stretching for each activity

Dynamic- controleld movements m bring targeted body part through its range of motion

Are you making flexibility progre?

Are you able to reach toes with _ _

Can you hold a position with less _ than you could previously

Reach toes with less tension

Hold a position wiht less tension than you could previously

Single most important training for older adults

Nueromusucalr fitness

Nueromusucalr fitness:

Reduces -

Improves-

Supports-

Can combine strength and aerobic training-

Your _ workign with your body ( )

Reduces falls and injuries

Imrpoves movements, stability and posture e

Supports rebuiltation after injury

Can combine strength with aerobic- balance exerises, agility drills, plyometrics, core stability, movement patterns

Your cns workign with your body ( balance, coordination, agility, reaction time, and prorioception)

Examples of Nueromusucalr fitness

Single leg balance, tandem walks, step ups, ladder drills, box jumps, lateral hops, single leg squats, lunges, medicine ball throws, dual task, hand eye coordination,reaction time

Nureomusucalr fitness progress

move _ and - when moving

Has improved ability to _ to challenges to balance and agility

Can complete _ _ _ _

Able to complete workouts or add _ _

Feel _ by the exercise program

Move stable and confident

Improved ability to respond to challenges to your balance or agility

Complete two tasks at once

Able to complete longer workouts or add additional exercises

Feel energized byu the exercise program

_ is part of life

Loss of strength, mobility, independence, and qol is not _

Aging is a part of life

Not inevitable

One of Leading causes of death :

Includes medical contions:

How many deaths is form in

Cardiovascular disease

Heart attacks, chronic chest pain, stroke, heart failure

1 in 3 deaths in the us is from cvd

Cardiovascular system consists of:

Heart

Blood

Blood vessels

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Heart-muscular pump

Blood-transport medium

Arteries- carry oxygen rich blood away from heart

Veins-transports deoxygenated blood from body’s tissues to the heart

Capillaries- network of smallest thinnest blood vessels, carry oxyegn nutrients carbon dioxide and waste between arteries and veins

Artheroscolersis

Angina-

Myocardial infarction

Heart failure-

Damage to arterial wall, smoking, high bp, high chlosterol, chlosterol accumulates, plaque forms, artery stiffens causing a blood clot, cuts of blood supply

Part of vessel is blocked, impairs blood flow, chest pain with exertion

Plaque that blocks vessel ruptures, blood clot forms, cuts off blood supply, heart attack, if blood flow is not restored, heart muslce is damaged

Heart is weak from myocardial infarction, not pumping blood efficiently, shortness of breath, retention of fluid

Stroke-

Hypertension

Stroke- disruption of blood flow to the brain

Hypertension- high blood pressure

Four chambers of heart

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricel

What are two chambers on right for

Left?

Right-pulmonary circulation( lungs)

Left- rest of body

Valves

Tricuspid

Pulmonary

Mitral bicuspid

Aortic

What do bicuspid and tricuspid valves prevent

Semi lunar valves prevent

Regurgitation back into the atria

Prevent regurgitation back into ventricles

Blood flow

Body →right atrium

Right atrium →Right ventricle

Right atrium→ right ventricle

Right ventricle→lungs

Lungs→Left atrium

Left atrium→ Left ventricle

Left ventricle→ Body

Body, RA, Rv, lungs, la, lv, body

Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors

1. Unhealthy diet -

2. Physical inactivity-

3. Smoking -

4. Excess alcohol -

5. Obesity -

6. Chronic stress-

High saturated fats, trans fats, sugars, salt, raises chlosterol and blood pressure

Sedentary lifestyle, weakens heart muscle, increases obesity, increases insulin resistance

Smoking- damages arteries, reduces oxygen to the heart, hardens arteries

Heavy drinking, raises blood pressure, raises triglycerides

Obesity- abdominal obesity, strain on heart, risk of diabetes

Stress- high cortisol , poor coping, increases blood pressure , increases inflammation

Metabolic/clinical risk factors

High blood pressure-

High ldl chlosterol-

Low hdl chlosterol-

Diabetes or insulin resistance-

Inflammation-

Hypertension- damages artery walls

Promotes plaque buildup

Reduces body’s ability to clear fat from blood

Accelerate artherosclerosis

Linked to c-reaction protein (CPR) damages vascular tissue

Unmodifybale risk factors

Age, (increases with age) sex ( males devlop cvd earlier, risk in women after menopause) , genetics/family history(inherited lipid disorders/hypertension), ethnicity (African American, South Asian)

Cardiorespiratory endurance:

Key indicator of

Ability of heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen efficiently

Overall fitness and heart health

Benefits of cardiovascular endurance

Strengthens heart, improves circulation, improves oxygen delivery, lowers rest in heart rate and blood pressure, reduces risk of heart diease and stroke

Cardiorespiratory fitness FITT-BVP

3-5 days a week

64-95 percent of max hr

20-60 minutes per session

Rhymic , large muslce

500-1000 met

Gradual increase in duration or intensity

Aerobic exersice CVD

Minimum of - but should be _ _ _ _ _

Helpful to lose _

Expenditure of more _

High at least days per week

Each exercise bout. _ _ for several hours

Hypertension-5/7

Moderate intensity (how many minutes )

Minimum of three, should be most days of the week

Helpful to lose weight

Expenditure of more calories

High chlosterol at least 5 days per week

Hypertension -5/7 days a week

Moderate intensity 10-60

Resistance training

How many days a week for cvd

Improved _ _

No _ _ Because it leads to excessive increase in blood pressure

Moderate _

Breathe-

High chlosterol or high blood pressure( how many sets and reps)

Flexibility training

No -

Include

2/3 days a week for cvd

Improved muscles strength

No isometric exercises- leads to excessive increase in blood pressure

Moderate intensity

Breathe- no valsava

High chlosterol/blood pressure- 8-12 reps, each of the major muscle groups

Flexibility training- no recommendations unique to cvd patients

Include nueromotor exercises

Heart healthy diet

Whole grains over refined grains (3 servings a day, 10-25 grams, oatmeal, fruits, kidney beans)

20-30 grams of fiber (fruits and veggies, 5 servings a day)

Protein(lean animal sources, animal and plant based foods)

Most imporantt for cvd consideration

Fats and chlosterol, 25 and 35 percent of daily caloric intake, most imporant consideration

What do saturated fats do cvd

Block arteries , animal sources (meat and dairy products)

Trans fat

Not consumed if possible, hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated, maragirine, shortening, fried foods, doughnuts, cookies, crackers, muffins, pies, and cakes

Where is chlosterol produced, how much is made internally, what is it used for

Liver, 70-80 percent made internally, used to build cell membranes, produce bile acids for fat digestion, make steroid hormones, helps synthesize vitamin D

What should you eat cvd

Unsaturated fats-

Polysaturated fats-

Unsaturated- monosaturated, in oils canola, peanut olive oil

Polysaturated fats- omega 3, fish, in oils, decrease risk of heart diease

Lowering sodium intake is

As imporant as lowering chlosterol

Average intake for sodium

Reccomendatiosn

What declines as sodium restriction

75 percent of sodium intake-

3300 milligrams

2300 or less per day

Decline in blood pressure with dietary sodium restriction

75 percent- processed, prepacked, resteraunt foods, cereals,

Lifestyle strategies for prevention of cvd

Regular aerobic exercise

Balanced diet-limit saturated fats, sodium, sugar

Maintain healthy weight

Manage stress and sleep

Regular health screenings

Influence of medications

Lipid lowering-

Affect _ _

Statin drugs:

Block _ production in the liver

Body needs _ to function

Draws on present in

Reduces amoutn of _

Can cause elevations in some resulting in -

Check _ _ emulated once or twice yearly

Muslce or a condition called

Affect the liver

Statin drugs

Block cholesterol production in the liver

Body needs chlosterol to function Draws

Draws on chlosterol present in bloodstream

Reduced amount of cholesterol

Can case elevations in some liver enzymes, may result in liver damage

Check liver enzymes evaluated once or twice yearly

Muslce inflammation or a condition called rhabdomyolysis

Diabetes mellitus-

Mellitus-

Chronic __ where the body either does not

Mellitus- sweet like honey

Chronic metabolic disease where the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin efffectivley

Hyperglycemia

High glucose levels

How many million people have pre diabetes and diabetes , how many dont know it yet

What number is it for leading causes of death

1 out of every 4 dollars in healthcare are related to

110 million, 84 percent dont know it yet

7th leading cause of death in the us

237 billion in direct medical costs

1 out of every 4 dollars in healthcare are releated to type 2 diabetes , more than cancer

Glucose is your _ _ _ _

You need glucose for-

What unlocks cell to allow glucose to enter

Primary source of energy

You need glucose for brain function, muscle contraction, organ function, and cell maintence

Insulin in key to allow glucose to enter

What is control center for glucose regulation

Healthy range for glucose-

Insulin is a hormone made by the -

Where is insulin stored

Hypothalamus is the control center for glucose regulation

70-110 mg/dl

Insulin is made by pancreas

Insulin is stored in liver - stores and releases it as needed adn skeletal muslce- uses glucose for energy adn stores it

Pancreas- stores adn release hormones that regulate glucose

Adipose tissue- stores energy and influxes insulin sensitivity

When you eat, food is digested and _ is absorbed into your bloodstream

, levels rise , releases insulin into the bloodstream to act as a key open the doors, helps glucose enter the muslce , excess glucose is changed to

Food is digested, glucose is absorbed into bloodstream. Glucose levels in bloodstream rises. Pancreases releases insulin into bloodstream to act as a key. Insulin opens the doors, helps glucose enter the muslce. Excess glucose is changed to glycogen and stored

As glucose moves into the cells hte levels in the _ _

As blood glucose levels decrease _ _ _ _

Glucose is used for energy but when there is extra glucose- promotes storage of _ ——-

Insulin stops the liver from

Levels in blood decrease

Keeps blood sugar levels normal

Promotes storage of glucose, in the liver and muscles insulin converts the glucose into glycogen for storage, in the fat cells it is stored as fat(triglycerides)

Insulin stops the liver from making more glucose- glucogenensis, signaled by adequate sugar in the blood

Type 1 diabetes typically begins when

Autoimmune diease-

What isnt prodcued_

Inability to store inability to use -

Remedy:

Requires:

Begins in childhood or adolescence

Body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells (Responsible for making insulin ) begins to destroy cells

No insulin is produced

Insulin deficiency

Inability to store fat, inability to use glucose

remedy: increase insulin

Requires: injections for life

Type 2 diabetes begins when

Becoming more prevalent for _

What percent of all diabetes

Greater risk of

How many cases are type 2

Remedies:

Becomes more prevalent for children

20 percent of all diabetes

Greater risk of complications

90-95 percent of all cases of diabetes are type 2

Can often be managed with lifestyle changes, medication, and sometimes insulin

Type 2 diabetes

The body becomes insulin _

Cells do not respond properly to _

Glucose cant enter teh cells adn continues to circulate in the pancreases release more _ to control glucose,

_ fatigue

Causes

Body becomes insulin resistant

Cells do not respond properly to insulin

Insulin is key to get glucose in, continues to circulate in bloodstream, pancreas releases more insulin to control glucose

Pancreatic fatigue, causes hyperglycemia , pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to maintian normal glucose levels

What happens when you need more glucose?

The pancreases releases _

It signals the liver to break down hte stored - into - liver makes nw glucose from amino acids from -

Blood glucose levels _ to normal

High glucose signals _ to lower the glucose

Low glucose stimulates _ to stimulate the release of -

Pancreas releases glucagon(messenger system)

Signals the liver to break down the stored glycogen into glucose

Liver makes new glucose form amino acids and fats

Glucose is released into the blood stream

Blood glucose levels rise to normal

High glucose signals insulin to lower the glucose

Low glucose stimulates glycogen to stimulate the release of glucose

Signs and symtopms of type 2 diabetes

Poluira-

Polydipsia-

Polyphagia-

Fatigue or -

_ _ wounds

Numbness in or _

Polyuria- frequent urination

Polydipsia- excessive thirst

Polyphagia-excessive hunger

Fatigue or weakness

Blurred vision

Slow healing wounds

Numbness or tingling in hands and feet