PSIO 201 lab practical #1

Simple Squamous Epithelial tissue

Location: alveoli, mesothelium, glomerular capsule, capillaries

Function: diffusion, filters blood of waste, seccretion

"allows for gas exchange of oxygen and co2 into alveoli"

Key Features: surrounds lumen, one layer, squished/fried egg shaped, center of cell located nuclei, flat

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Location: glands, kidney tubules

Function: secretion, absorption

"filters blood and reabsorbs nutrients in the kidney tubules"

key features: one layer, cubed shaped cells, center of cell located nuclei, lines lumen

Simple Columnar Epithelium

location: lining of stomach, small intestine, large intestine, uterine tubes, spinal cord

function: absorption, secretion, move CSF

"secretes mucus to protect stomach lining from stomach acid acidity"

key features: nuclei located at equal layer at bottom of cell, goblet cells present, cilia present, column shaped cells, one layer, lines lumen

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

location: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

function: secretion of mucus, cilia move mucus

"moves mucus towards throat where it can be expelled or swelled to be killed by stomach acid"

key features: one layer, squished shaped cells, cilia present, goblet cells present, location of nuclei at different levels, illusion of several layers of cells, all cells touch basement membrane, different shaped cells

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

location: lining of mouth/vagina, skin surface, esophagus, rectum

function: protective barrier from abrasion

"in the oral cavity this tissue provides a protective barrier from microorganisms"

key features: many layers of cells, flat/squished shapes of cells, location of nuclei in center of cell, lines a lumen

Transitional Epithelium

location: lining of urinary bladder, uterus and urethra

function: protective barrier permitting distension

"allows bladder to expand and contract to hold urine"

key features: many layers, cuboidal and squamous cell shapes, nuclei located at center of cell, lines lumen, "distended or non-distended version"

- non distended = makes round shapes (takes more space)

- distended = being pushed into flat

myocytes

elongated muscle cells that shorten to cause movement

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

location: attached to bones and skin throughout the body

Function: heat generation, movement of bones and skin

Key features: 3-5 nuclei per cell, striations, cylindrical-shaped muscle fibers, muscle type --> under voluntary control

Cardiac Muscle tissue

location: walls of the heart

function: movement of blood through cardiovascular system

key features: striations, muscle fibers branch, intercalated disks present, muscle type--> involuntary control, 1-2 nuclei per muscle fiber

Smooth Muscle Tissue

location: intrinsic eye muscles, walls of arteries, veins, walls of bladder, urethra,

function: in eye muscles--> control pupil size, in arteries and veins--> controls blood flow, blood pressure, in urintray tract--> controls urine movement

key features: muscle type -->under involuntary control, spindle shaped fibers, 1 nuclei per muscle

4 types of connective tissue

1. connective tissue proper (dense and loose)

2. cartilage

3. bone

4. blood

ground substance

allows for movement of nutrients and waste

mast cells

creates immune response by releasing histamine

Loose areolar connective tissue

location: beneath all epithelial tissue, between muscles, lines digestive sytem, respiratory tract, urine tract

function: strength, elasticity, support and diffusion

key features: fibroblasts, mast cells, abundant and viscous ground substance

fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular

loose adipose connective tissue

location: subcutaneous layer of skin, behind eye, butt, around joints

function: cushions joints and organs, padding, thermal insulation

"absorbs shock in joints"

key features: has adipocytes (fat cells), small nucleus around cells periphery, lipid droplets (adipose)

fiber types: collagen, elastic (little bit)

dense regular connective tissue

location: ligaments, tendons, covering skeletal muscle

function: resist force in one direction

Features: fibroblasts arranged between collagen fibers, ECM is filled with parallel bundles of collagen fibers, little ground substance, little blood vessel

fiber types: collagen fibers, some elastic

dense irregular connective tissue

location: heart valves, reticular region of dermis, capsules around organs

function: resists pulling forces from many directions

features: fibroblasts (very few), around other tissues, little ground substance, avascular

fiber types: collagen

Hyaline cartilage connective tissue

location: nose tip, end of joint, supports larynx, forms septum

function: strength, support, reduces friction

"provides smooth surface for joints to move"

features: chondrocytes, chondroblasts, cells reside in lacunae where they will stay in, avascular, clear/glassy appearence

fiber types: fine collagen fibers (not visible)

fibrocartilage connective tissue

location: menisci of the knee, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, parts of tendons

function: provides strength and rigidity, support and joins structures together

"prevents damaging bone to bone contact"

Features: few chondrocytes, cotton candy like appearence, has few lacunae, tough, avascular

fiber types: thick collagen

elastic cartilage connective tissue

location: auditory tubes, auricle of external ear, epiglottis of larynx

function: provides strength and elasticity

"maintains the shape of flexible body parts, example ear"

Key features: chondrocytes in a thread-like network of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix, "stretchy black fibers" highly visible "spooky"

fiber types: elastic

blood connective tissue

location: in blood vessels, chambers of heart

function: blood clotting, transport, regulation, protection

"prevents blood loss in body by clotting blood in blood vessels"

Key features: has erythrocytes(RBC) , leukocytes(WBC) , thrombocytes(platelets) , extracellular matrix is liquid plasma abd contains diff cell types

Fiber types: none

compact bone connective tissue

location: surface of bones

function: supports body structure, protection, storage, serves as a lever acting with muscle tissue for movement

"acts with muscle tissue as a lever to move body"

Key features: osteocytes, hardest connective tissue, has lacunae, lamellae, canaliculi, central canals, blood vessels

fiber types: collagen, some elastic

key features of epithelial tissue

highly cellular, avascular, can be layered, always lining a lumen

lumen

space lining an organ

Epidermis

made up of stratified squamous epithelium

nervous tissue

location: brain, spinal cord, nerves, white matter on inside of brain

function: neurons recieve and send info while neurogila support the neurons and help them function

key features: neuron is main cell type, has dendritie branches which recieve info, send signal along axon portion, soma is the cell body, white nervous tissue transmits signals faster than gray

dermis

made up of areolar CT in papillary region and dense irregular CT in the reticular region

epidermal layers top--> down

1. stratum corneum

2. stratum lucidum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5. stratum basale

hair root plexus

free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicle; detects hair movement

arrector pili

a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted, "errects the hair"

Eccrine gland

on most skin regions, goes from deep dermis all the way up to the epidermis

Apocrine gland

in armpit, pubic area, and around nipples, in deep dermis and opens up to hair follicle

Sebaceous gland

connected to hair follicle, secrete sebum

what separates the thoracic cavity from the abnominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

supine

body horizontal lying on the back, face up

prone

body horizontal lying of stomach, face down

organ system level

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

superior (cranial)

closer to the head

inferior (caudal)

closer to the feet

anterior (ventral)

closer to the front

posterior (dorsal)

closer to the back

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

farther from the midline

intermediate

between a more medial and more lateral structure

proximal

closer to the trunk (or point of limb attachment)

distal

farther from the trunk (or point of limb attachment)

superficial (external)

closer to or on the surface

deep (internal)

farther from the surface

parietal

pertaining to the wall of a body cavity

visceral

pertaining to the covering of an organ

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

What is a sagittal plane?

A sagittal plane divides the body or organ vertically into left and right parts.

What is the difference between a midsagittal and a parasagittal plane?

A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts, while a parasagittal plane divides it into unequal right and left parts.

What does a frontal plane divide the body into?

A frontal plane divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

What is another name for the frontal plane?

The frontal plane is sometimes referred to as a coronal plane.

What does a transverse plane divide the body into?

A transverse plane divides the body or organ horizontally into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

What type of images do transverse planes produce?

Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross-sections.

longitudinal section

a plane along the long axis of an organ

oblique section

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

cross section

a diagram that shows what the inside of something looks like

anatomical regions of the body

The body is divided into:

- Cephalic (head)

[Frontal (forehead), Orbital or ocular (eye), Buccal (cheek), Nasal (nose), Oral (mouth), Mental (chin), Cranial (surrounding the brain), Occipital (base of skull), Otic (ear), Temporal (temple)]

- Cervical (neck)

- Thoracic

[Axillary (armpit), Mammary (breast), Pectoral (chest), Sternal (sternum)]

- Upper Extremity

[Scapular (shoulder blade), Brachial (arm), Antecubital (front of elbow), Olecranal (back of elbow), Antebrachial (forearm), Carpal (wrist), Dorsum (back of the hand), Manual (hand), Palmar (palm), Digital (finger)]

- Abdominal (abdomen)

- Pelvic

[coxal (hip), Inguinal (groin)]

- Lower Extremity

[Femoral (thigh), Patellar (kneecap), Popliteal (hollow behind knee), Crural (leg), Sural (calf), Calcaneal (heel), Plantar (sole), Tarsal (ankle), Dorsum (top of foot), Digital (toe), hallux (great toe)

2 major body cavities

dorsal(posterior) and ventral(anterior)

Function of dorsal cavity

protects the nervous system organs

2 sub categories of cavities in dorsal cavity

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

2 sub categories of cavities in ventral cavity

thoracic cavity(enclosed by rib cage) and abdominal pelvic

2 sub categories of cavities in Thoracic cavity

pleural cavity LEFT and RIGHT (left lung and right lung) and pericardial cavity (heart)

2 sub categories of cavities in abdominal pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

what is the protective membrane around the dorsal cavity organs

meninges

what is the fluid around the dorsal cavity organs

cerebral spinal fluid

what is the protective (serous) membrane around the pericardial cavity organs

pericardium

what is the protective (serous) membrane around the pleural (left or right) cavity organs

pleura (left or right)

what is the protective (serous) membrane around the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

what is the fluid around the thoracic and abdominal cavity organs

serous

what is a body cavity?

separation of internal organs, separates to perform their functions without interffering

the abdominal pelvic quadrant has how many separations

4 quadrants

the abdominal pelvic regions has how many separations

9 grid

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdominal pelvic region

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

what are the 9 abdominal pelvic regions

Umbilical

Right lumbar

Left lumbar

Epigastric

Right hypochondriac

Left hypochondriac

hypogastric

Right iliac

Left iliac

what are the 4 major tissue types in the body

connective, muscular, nervous, epithelial

integumentary system includes what

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

skin has what

all 4 tissue types

hypo

below

chondro

cartilage

epi

above

gallbladder function

stores and concentrates bile

bile function

digest food

serous fluid function

Fluid that lubricates the 2 layers and allows organs to move freely within the cavity, protects against friction

how do you name specific tissue type

specific tissue name + primary tissue name

(ex. cardiac muscle)

basic structures of the neuron tissue

dendrites - receive signal

soma = cell body

axon = where signal sent off

**neuroglia = suppor the neuron and help them function

**neuron = receives and send info

white nervous tissue

transmits signals faster than gray, most of brain

myocytes

elongated muscle cells that shorten to cause movement

functions of muscle

body