Shorter Term List Midterm POLS 130

[CONCEPT] Assimilation

Becoming "American"; for Native peoples, forced through boarding schools and allotment; in Latin America, racial assimilation

[CONCEPT] Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Federal agency with conflicting tasks: trust duties and promoting assimilation

[CONCEPT] Blood quantum

Test of how "native" someone is

[CONCEPT] Civil right

Not defined in the uploaded sources (check lecture). Related: 1964 Civil Rights Act, 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act

[CONCEPT] Ethnicity

Distinguishing people primarily by cultural practices (and national/regional ancestry)

[CONCEPT] Hypodescent

Legal status passed through the mother's line; subordinate group status follows the enslaved mother (Virginia 1662)

[CONCEPT] Jim Crow politics

Official government sanction of anti-Black discrimination, separation, and violence

[CONCEPT] Jus soli

Citizenship by birthplace (birthright)

[CONCEPT] Manifest Destiny

Ordained by God for the U.S. to expand "from sea to shining sea"; gold rush pushed people off land

[CONCEPT] Miscegenation

Race mixing; outlawed on the basis of race (1691), not religion

[CONCEPT] Model minority

Belief Asian Americans have extraordinary achievement and no problems; "every minority should act" this way

[CONCEPT] Multicultural view

Groups keep distinct identities and coexist; America was always diverse; against the melting pot (Takaki, A Different Mirror)

[CONCEPT] Nativism

Not defined in the uploaded sources (check lecture). Related: xenophobia, Yellow Peril

[CONCEPT] Naturalization

Acquiring citizenship after birth; requires residency period and knowledge of country/language; 1790 limited it to free white persons

[CONCEPT] New Deal

1930s programs (NRA, CCC, AAA, FHA, NLRA, Social Security) that often excluded or segregated Black and Latino workers

[CONCEPT] One-drop rule

Any African ancestry makes a person Black (Jim Crow era)

[CONCEPT] Pan-ethnic identity

Ancestral connection to a region rather than one specific nation (e.g., Latino, Asian)

[CONCEPT] Race

Society's categories that attach significance to perceived groupings of human characteristics; dynamic, not fixed

[CONCEPT] Racial assimilation

Intermarry but demand abandonment of culture/religion (Southern Europe, Latin America)

[CONCEPT] Racial essentialism

The fallacy that a person's racial essence is fixed and obvious from appearance

[CONCEPT] Racial project

Any effort to shape how race is used in society; it is racist only if it creates or reproduces structures of domination

[CONCEPT] Racial separation

Strict racial lines and bans on intermarriage (Northern Europe, U.S.)

[CONCEPT] Racialization

Applying racial categories to a person, group, or condition

[CONCEPT] Racism

Using race to rank groups and allocate citizenship rights and opportunities

[CONCEPT] Redlining

FHA refusal to insure mortgages in predominantly Black neighborhoods

[CONCEPT] Reservation

Designated places for Native Americans to live

[CONCEPT] Restrictive covenant

Racially restrictive housing covenants; court enforcement ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

[CONCEPT] Scientific racism

Incorrect use of science to claim some races are inferior (race science)

[CONCEPT] Settler colonialism

Replacement of Indigenous populations by an invading settler society that builds its own identity and sovereignty

[CONCEPT] Transcendent (assimilationist) view

Universal values (liberty, equal opportunity, democracy) transcend group differences; hyphenated identities weaken the common identity (Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America)

[CONCEPT] White (advantage) privilege

Unearned benefits Whites receive by virtue of skin color (McIntosh, via Sue)

[CONCEPT] White supremacy

Belief that Whites are the superior reference group and primary citizens

[CONCEPT] Yellow Peril

Asian Americans as contaminating America with foreign influences (xenophobia)

Art. I, Sec. 2

Three-Fifths Clause; counts "all other persons" at 3/5; excludes "Indians not taxed"

Art. I, Sec. 8

Congressional powers, including the Commerce Clause (foreign nations, states, Indian tribes)

Art. I, Sec. 9

Congress cannot ban importation of enslaved persons before 1808

Art. IV, Sec. 2

Fugitive Slave Clause: runaways must be returned

Naturalization Act (1790)

"Free white persons," 2 years' residence (5 years in 1795)

Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823)

Discovery gave the U.S. ultimate title; tribes keep a right of occupancy; tribal sovereignty can be limited by Congress

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced relocation of Native people from the east to west of the Mississippi (Oklahoma)

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Tribes are "domestic dependent nations"; no original Supreme Court jurisdiction

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Tribes are distinct political communities; state laws have no force; federal supremacy (Jackson did not follow it)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Ended Mexican-American War; U.S. got TX, CA, NM, AZ, CO, NV, UT, part of WY; Mexican residents given citizenship but faced political exclusion, economic disempowerment, demographic shifts

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

Federal marshals and slave hunters return escaped slaves; civilians and officials liable if they refuse

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Black people not citizens; no rights whites had to respect; Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Morrill Land Grant College Act (1862)

Gave expropriated Indigenous land to states to fund A&M colleges (which often wouldn't admit Black students)

Homestead Act (1862)

Free public land to settlers; accelerated Western expansion and Native displacement

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

Outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude (your notes add: except as punishment)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

All persons born in the U.S. are citizens

Burlingame-Seward Treaty (1868)

Mutual emigration U.S.-China for labor demand; Chinese barred from naturalizing

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

Birthright citizenship and equal protection; federal sanctions on states

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

States can't deny the vote based on race, color, or previous enslavement

United States v. Kagama (1886)

Upheld the Major Crimes Act; Congress has plenary power over tribes

Page Act (1875)

Barred contract laborers, felons, women suspected of prostitution; excluded nearly all Chinese women

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Barred reentry of Chinese laborers for 10 years (permanent 1904); no naturalization

Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)

Racially discriminatory enforcement of local ordinances violates the 14th Amendment equal protection clause (applies to citizens and noncitizens)

General Allotment (Dawes) Act (1887)

Divided reservations into individual allotments; Natives as wards; forced assimilation; stripped land and self-governance

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

"Separate but equal" is constitutional

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended Spanish-American War; Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines to U.S. (also Cuba context)

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)

U.S. may break treaties with Native nations without their consent (plenary power)

Jones Act (1917)

Citizenship for Puerto Ricans; "self-governing unincorporated territory" (not the 1920 Jones Act)

Takao Ozawa v. U.S. (1922)

Japanese man ruled "yellow," not Caucasian/white, so ineligible to naturalize

Cable Act (1922)

White female citizen who married a noncitizen ineligible for naturalization lost her citizenship

U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)

South Asian Indian ruled Caucasian but not "white as commonly understood"; ineligible

Immigration Act of 1924

National-origins quotas from old census data (1910 and 1890); nearly all Asians and South Asians barred

Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

Full U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S.

National Recovery Administration (1933)

Codes excluded Black workers from minimum wage and protections; whites got first opportunity

Civilian Conservation Corps (1933-42)

Public works jobs in segregated residential camps

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933, 1938)

Paid landowners to cut crops; incentive for whites to evict Black tenants and sharecroppers

Federal Housing Administration (1934)

Institutionalized redlining; refused to insure mortgages in Black neighborhoods

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Ended allotment, returned some land, let tribes write constitutions and elect councils

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

Collective bargaining but excluded agricultural and domestic workers

Social Security Act (1935)

Old-age benefits and unemployment insurance but excluded farm and domestic workers

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Military exclusion and internment of ~110,000 Japanese Americans in inland concentration camps (with Public Law 503)

GI Bill (1944)

Education and housing benefits for WWII veterans; local administration discriminated against Black veterans

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

Judicial enforcement of racially restrictive housing covenants violates equal protection

Termination Act (1953)

Removed federal trust status and 2.5 million acres from Native control; urban relocation

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overturned Plessy; segregated public schools inherently unequal (Thurgood Marshall)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination by race, color, religion, sex, national origin in public accommodations and employment

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed literacy tests and similar practices; federal oversight of elections

Hart-Celler Act (1965)

Abolished national-origins quotas; family reunification and skills preference; foundation of current immigration policy

Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)

Extended most Bill of Rights protections to people under tribal jurisdiction

Sue: four White fears

Appearing racist, realizing racism, confronting privilege, taking responsibility to end racism

CRT: five tenets

1) Race is a social construct 2) Racism is normal, not aberrational 3) Shifting labor-market needs 4) Serves psychic and material purposes for the dominant group 5) No one has an easy, unitary identity

Four facets of U.S. citizenship

Status, rights, responsibilities, belonging

Compromise of 1877

Tilden v. Hayes: Democrats concede presidency if federal troops leave the South; ends Reconstruction, begins Jim Crow

Reconstruction (1867-1877)

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments; Radical Republicans; first Black officials elected; federal resources used for equality

Plenary power (three meanings)

Exclusive (Commerce Clause), preemptive (blocks states), and, as courts construed it, unlimited/absolute

Trust doctrine

U.S. pledges to protect tribal property and sovereignty, act with integrity, and serve as the protector

Beltran: her conclusion

Latinidad is one strategy among many, not the precondition for advancement; subject of permanent debate

Doctrine of Discovery

Catholic doctrine: land not inhabited by Christians is up for grabs

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

Senate: 2 per state; House: population-based

Three-Fifths Compromise

Enslaved people counted as 3/5 of a person for representation

Civil Rights vs Black Power

CRM: legalism, non-violence, integration, institutional reform; BPM: skepticism, pride, self-defense, structural critique