KSU 4VM Equine Rotation Block Exam

Endocrinology

What is PPID?

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

PPID is ______________ ______________ due to ______________ ______________. It is comparable to what disease in humans?

Dopaminergic neurodegeneration due to oxidative damage

It is comparable to Parkinson's disease in humans

What are some clinical signs of PPID? When is it usually diagnosed?

**Hirutism

Loss of muscle on topline

Laminitis especially with concurrent insulin dysregulation

PU/PD due to hyperglycemia

Immunosuppression causing an increase in FEC

Usually diagnosed > 15 years old

PPID is AKA Equine ___________

Equine Cushing's

Are equine Cushing's and canine Cushing's the same disease process?

NO-the location of the problem in dogs is in the adrenal gland or the pars nervosa of the pituitary

In horses, the problem is in the pars intermedia

What is the treatment of PPID? What is its MOA?

Pergolide-Dopamine agonist

Pergolide is only available as a __________ medication. What are some problems with this?

Compounded

Problems:

1. It takes time to receive the medication

2. Contamination

3. Over or under dosing

4. Shelf-life

What are some reasons to use compounded medications?

1. Availability

2. Patient compliance

3. Exotics (need smaller doses)

4. Safety

Is cost a reason to use compounded medications?

NO!

What are some CBC/Chem findings in cases of PPID?

Hypoglycemia

Stress leukogram

Increase in liver enzymes

What are the two diagnostic tests used for PPID?

TRH test

ACTH test

Which test has a seasonality component/makes it unreliable in the fall?

Which test is less specific but more commonly used?

ACTH test

TRH test

What is EMS?

Equine Metabolic Syndrome-insulin dysregulation

What is the signalment for EMS?

Middle aged with an abnormal fat distribution

What are the two diagnostic tests for EMS? Which is the gold standard?

Fasting insulin-gold standard

Basal insulin-more commonly used

What are some precursors/potential causes of laminitis?

1. PPID with insulin dysregulation

2. EMS

3. Retained placenta

4. Iatrogenic steroids

5. Colic

6. Grain overload

7. Black walnut shavings

What are some pathogenesis theories for laminitis?

1. Ischemia

2. Mechanical

3. Enzymatic

4. Metabolic-hyperinsulinemia

Components of therapy for EMS:

1. ________________

2. _______________

3. Medications

1. Diet if the horse needs to lose weight

2. Exercise

3. Medications

How much hay should a healthy horse be eating in a day?

What about a horse on a diet?

2% of BW

1.5% of BW

What are some medication options for EMS?

1. Metformin

2. Thyrol-L

What does metformin do?

Improves insulin sensitivity

What does Tyrol-L do?

Increases metabolic rate in order to have easier weight loss

Equine Preventative Medicine

When do maternal antibodies begin to decrease in a foal's immunity?

When does a foal start developing its own immunity?

Around 5 weeks

5-15 weeks-may be more susceptible to infections

What is used to test if a foal has received enough colostrum?

What are the parameters?

IgG snap test

>800: adequate transfer

400-800: partial failure

When should foals begin to get vaccinated? When should these vaccinations be boostered?

At weaning (4-6 months old) and boostered 3-4 weeks later

A mature horse is how old?

>1 year

How long do antibodies from vaccines last?

About 12 months-why horses are vaccinated annually

What is the ideal immunity-humoral or cell mediated? What type of vaccination stimulates this?

Cell mediated, MLV vaccines stimulate cell mediated immunity

What type of vaccinations should broodmares recieve?

Killed vaccines, MLV vaccines are NOT safe for pregnant mares

When should pregnant mares be vaccinated and why?

In the last 30-45 days of pregnancy to have antibodies in the colostrum for the foal

What three things comprise the infectious disease triad?

1. Animal

2. Disease

3. Environment

What portion of the triangle does quarantine break?

Between disease and environment

What portion of the triangle does vaccination break?

Between animal and disease

What portion of the triangle does testing break?

Between animal and environment

What type of virus is Equine Infectious Anemia?

Lentivirus

How is EIA spread?

Blood born-spread by flies or can be iatrogenic

What are the phases of EIA?

Acute, recurrent, and chronic

If EIA is a lentivirus, what does this mean?

The animals are persistently infected

What is the diagnostic method for EIA?

Coggins test

If you __________ testing, you _________ control of the disease and __________ the prevalence of disease

Increase, increase, decrease

Is EIA reportable? What is the treatment?

Yes, to the state veterinarian

There is no treatment-lifelong quarantine or euthanasia

What is the ideal method in order to maintain horse farm biosecurity?

Keeping a closed herd

What are some things to have when purchasing a new horse?

Resident horse vaccinations

Source of purchase

Current health papers

Vaccine records

Negative coggins

Clean transport

How long are health papers valid?

How long does a negative coggins last?

30 days from exam date

1 year

How long should you quarantine your new horse?

What are some things you should implement/do to your new horse during quarantine?

30 days

Have a designated quarantine area with separate feeding and grooming equipment

Check temperature every day

What do vaccines do?

Produce or artificially increase immunity of the host to a particular disease

What are some injection sites for IM vaccines? What is the most common?

#1: Neck

Pectoral

Low hip

What are the landmarks for IM injection in the neck?

Slope of shoulder

Above cervical vertebrae

Below nuchal ligament

What gauge needle and what length of needle do you use for IM vaccines?

19 or 18 g

1 1/2 inch length

What are the equine core vaccines?

1. Tetaus

2. EEE

3. WEE

4. West Nile virus

5. Rabies

What causes tetanus?

What is the main clinical sign?

Horses are the most/least sensitive animal to this disease

Clostridium tetani

Spastic paralysis

Most

Where is clostridium tetani present?

Normal inhabitant of the GI tract

Environment

What is the prevention of tetanus?

What is the treatment of tetanus?

Tetanus toxoid

Tetanus antitoxin

Tetanus toxoid/antitoxin has a risk for Theiler's disease

Antitoxin

When should you give foals/weanlings their first tetanus toxoid?

When to booster?

At 1-6 months

Booster 4-6 weeks later

When should you booster a broodmare with tetanus toxoid?

4-6 weeks pre-partum

EEE and WEE are what kind of viruses?

Horses are intermediate/dead end hosts

What are the vectors?

Are these reportable diseases?

Togavirus

Dead end

Mosquitos

Yes

Out of WEE/EEE/VEE, which has the best prognosis for survival?

WEE

Out of WEE/EEE/VEE, which is zoonotic and why?

VEE because horses are amplifying hosts

When should you give foals/weanlings their first EEE/WEE vaccine?

When to booster?

3-6 months

Booster 4-6 weeks later

When should you booster broodmares for EEE/WEE?

4-6 weeks pre-partum

West Nile is what kind of virus?

Horses are intermediate/dead end hosts

What is the vector?

When is the peak of disease?

Flavivirus

Dead end

Mosquitos

Fall

Is West Nile zoonotic from horses?

It is zoonotic but not from horses-from mosquito vectors

When should foals/weanlings get their first West Nile vaccine?

When should it be boostered?

3-4 to 5-6 months

Booster 4-6 weeks later

When should broodmares be boostered for West Nile?

4-6 weeks pre-partum

What kind of virus is rabies?

How is it transmitted?

Rhabdoviridea

By saliva-contaminated wounds

What is the main reservoirs of rabies in Kansas?

Skunks

Where does rabies replicate in the body?

Monocytes

When should you give foals/weanlings their first rabies vaccine?

When to booster?

3-6 months

Booster 4-6 weeks later

Would you have to rebooster a broodmare who receives their rabies annually?

No because the rabies vaccine has a long duration of immunity

Equine herpesvirus is caused by what strains?

EHV-1 and EHV-4

What does EHV-4 mainly cause?

Clinical signs?

Rhinopneumonitis

Serous nasal discharge, cough, mild fever

What does EHV-1 cause?

Clinical signs?

Major diagnostic finding?

Neurologic

Hind limb ataxia and dribbling of urine

Xanthochromasia on CSF

What strain of EHV causes late term abortions?

EHV-1

Influenza type ____ subtype ______ and _______ cause disease in horses

Type A subtype H7N7 and H3N8

What is a major component of treatment for equine influenza?

Rest-the cilia in the trachea need to regenerate

For every 1 week of fever, 1 week of rest is needed

Equine Viral Arteritis virus causes __________ disease, ________, and _______ ________

Respiratory disease, abortion, and limb edema

What is the transmission for equine viral arteritis?

Aerosol, venereal transmission, or through semen

What do you need to do before you vaccinate colts and stallions for equine arteritis virus?

Serological testing to prove negative

What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in foals less than two months?

Rotavirus

Can you vaccinate broodmares for rotavirus?

Yes-3 dose series at 8, 9, and 10 months gestation to ensure adequate passive transfer

What are some clinical signs of Strangles?

Lethargy/fever

Enlarged lymph nodes

Purulent nasal discharge

Is the strangles vaccine a strategy to mitigate an outbreak?

NO

Vaccinate/do NOT vaccinate if the strangles titer is >1,600

Do NOT vaccinate or else you may cause the development of Purpura

What happens if you give the MLV strangles vaccine IM?

Severe abscesses will form

What is the causative agent of botulism?

What is the main clinical sign?

What is the syndrome called in foals and a common finding in foals?

Clostridium botulinum

Flaccid paralysis

"Shaker foal syndrome" and you will see milk coming out of the nose from dysphagia

What is the cause of Potomac Horse Fever?

What does it cause?

Neorickettsia risticii

Fever, leukopenia, diarrhea, laminitis, and abortion

What are the endemic states for Potomac Horse Fever?

MI, IN, IL, OH, MN (states with water)

What are some clinical signs of leptospirosis? Is it zoonotic?

Pyrexia, icterus, periodic uveitis, renal disease, and abortion

Yes

Should you necropsy a potential anthrax case?

No

Should you vaccinate a broodmare for anthrax?

No

What are the clinical signs of roundworm infections in horses?

Weight loss, colic, and diarrhea

What are the two roundworms that infect horses?

Ascrids

Strongyles

What are the clinical signs of pinworms in horses?

Itching the hind end

What parasite involves maternal pickup?

Strongyloides westerni

Strongyloides westerni is AKA?

When does it cause diarrhea in foals?

Threadworm

1-3 weeks old

What are gastrophilus?

Bots

What are clinical signs caused by bots?

They generally cause no problems