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What are the 3 monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose

Why is glucose called the blood sugar?

Because it circulates in the blood stream.

What monosaccharide is the body's source of energy?

Glucose

What sugar has the sweetest taste?

Fructose

What does fructose occur in?

In all fruits and honey

What is galactose bonded to?

Glucose

Glucose and Galactose=

lactose (milk sugar)

What are the 3 disaccharides?

sucrose, lactose, maltose

What is the sugar you use in recipes?

Sucrose

One glucose molecule and one fructose molecule make...

Sucrose

Glucose+ glucose=

Maltose

Lactose serves as a source of energy for...

Breast-fed infants

Polysaccharides

Are linked in long straight chains or branched chains.

What are the polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, cellulose (Fiber)

What polysaccharide is stored in plants?

starch

What is starch made of?

Many glucose molecules bonded together

High starch foods

potatoes, bread, pasta, rice, corn

Dietary fibers

Non-digestible carbohydrates and lignins that make up the tough cell walls of plants

Functional fibers

The isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial effects in human health.

Simple carbohydrates

Foods include table sugars, candy, and soft drinks.

Complex carbohydrates

Foods high in starch and fiber. Include bread, cereals, rice, pasta, and vegetables.

Functions of carbohydrates

primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver detox and adding bulk to the diet.

What is formed when fats are not broken down properly?

Ketone bodies

Ketosis symptoms

Nausea, weak, trembling, acetone breath

Fiber

a complex carbohydrate that the body is unable to digest

What foods have lots of glucose?

Pure corn syrup, honey, grapes, figs, and commercial sports drinks.

What foods are high in fructose?

High-fructose corn syrup, honey, apples, pears, agave nectar, and soft drinks.

What foods are high in galactose?

Rarely alone; metabolized from dairy products, celery, beets, and avocados.

What foods are high in sucrose?

White table sugar, brown sugar, maple syrup, sugar cane, and sweet peas.

What foods are high in lactose?

Milk, yogurt, ice cream, soft cheeses, and whey protein.

What foods are high in maltose?

Malted barley, molasses, beer, cereal grains, and sprouted seeds.

What foods are high in starch

Potatoes, corn, white/brown rice, pasta, bread, legumes, and oats.

What foods are high in fiber?

Oats, beans, chia seeds, broccoli, apple skins, and whole wheat.

What are some carbohydrate allergies?

You cannot be allergic to a carbohydrate. You can only be allergic to proteins

Celiac's disease

Reaction to gluten, which is the storage protein found wrapped around wheat starch kernels.

Diabetes Mellitus

• Chronic hyperglycemia caused by an absolute lack of insulin (Type 1) or peripheral insulin resistance (Type 2) where cells fail to uptake glucose.

What are risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus?

Physical inactivity, Obesity, High-Sugar Diet, Smoking, Poor Sleep, Race, Genetics/Family History, and being over 45.

Lactose Intolerance

The inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose

Risk factors for lactose intolerance

Older age, certain ethnic backgrounds.

Secondary risk factors for lactose intolerance

Gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn's, and Celiacs and certain medications.

Von Gierke's Disease (GSD Type I):

Defect in the enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphatase. The liver cannot release glucose into the blood between meals. It causes severe fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and massive hepatomegaly (enlarged liver packed with trapped glycogen).

Pompe's Disease (GSD Type II):

• Defect in Acid Alpha-Glucosidase (a lysosomal enzyme). Glycogen builds up inside lysosomes, destroying muscle tissue. It presents as severe cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) and infantile hypotonia ("floppy baby syndrome").

Cori's Disease (GSD Type III):

Defect in the Glycogen Debranching Enzyme. The body can only break down the outer layers of glycogen. Symptoms look like a milder version of Von Gierke's.

Andersen's Disease (GSD Type IV):

Defect in the Glycogen Branching Enzyme. The body builds abnormal, long, straight glycogen chains that look like foreign bodies. This triggers an immune attack, causing progressive liver cirrhosis and early death.

McArdle's Disease (GSD Type V):

• Defect in Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase. Muscles cannot break down glycogen for energy. It presents as severe muscle cramping and myoglobinuria (burgundy-colored urine from muscle breakdown) during the first few minutes of intense exercise.

Favism (G6PD Deficiency):

• linked genetic condition named for its trigger: Fava beans. Eating fava beans or taking certain oxidative drugs causes a breakdown of the Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase pathway, resulting in massive acute hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells).

Tarui's Disease (GSD Type VII):

Defect in Phosphofructokinase (PFKM), a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis. It mimics McArdle's disease, causing exercise-induced muscle fatigue and cramping, but adds a mild hemolytic anemia component.

Lipid

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Triglycerides

The main type of fat found in your body and food, made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

Fatty Acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

Saturated Fatty Acids

A fatty acid with only single bonds between carbons, holding the maximum amount of hydrogen.

monosaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with one double bond between carbon atoms

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

: A fatty acid with two or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Hydrogenation

A chemical process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to turn them into solid fats.

Trans fatty acid

• An unhealthy fat created when liquid vegetable oils are partially hydrogenated.

Rancid

• The state of a fat or oil that has spoiled, developed a bad smell, and oxidized due to exposure to air, light, or heat.

Phospholipids

A type of lipid made of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone, forming the main structure of cell membranes.

Lethicin

: A specific, naturally occurring phospholipid found in egg yolks and soybeans used to blend water and fat.

Emulsifier

• A substance that allows water and oil to mix together without separating.

Sterols

A category of lipids with a complex, four-ring carbon structure rather than a long chain, including hormones and cholesterol.

Cholesterol

The most common sterol, made by the liver and found in animal foods, used to build cell membranes, vitamin D, sex hormones, bile acids and hormones. IT IS ONLY FOUND IN ANIMAL TISSUE

Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)

A fatty acid that the body cannot manufacture on its own and must be obtained from food (such as omega-3 and omega-6).

Adipose Tissue

The scientific name for body fat tissue that stores energy, insulates the body, and cushions organs.

Chylomicron

A large lipoprotein particle formed in the small intestine that transports dietary fats through the blood and lymph system.

Lipoprotein

A cluster of proteins and lipids that acts as a transport vehicle, allowing fats to travel through the watery bloodstream.

very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

A lipoprotein made by the liver to deliver triglycerides to body tissues.

Low Density Lipoproteins

A lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to body tissues; often called "bad cholesterol" because high levels build up in artery walls.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A lipoprotein that removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it back to the liver for disposal; often called "good cholesterol."

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A disease where the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle become narrow or blocked.

Plaque

A hard, fatty deposit made of cholesterol, calcium, and cellular waste that builds up inside artery walls.

Atherosclerosis

The hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque over time.

Heart Attack

A medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is severely blocked, causing tissue damage.

Stroke

A medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Blood Lipid Profile

: A blood test that measures the amounts of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides in the blood.

omega-3 fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids with their first double bond at the third carbon position; they lower inflammation and support heart health.

Omega-6 fatty acid (linoleic acid)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids with their first double bond at the sixth carbon position; they are essential for health but can promote inflammation if consumed in excess.

Cancer

A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.

Fat Replacer

• An ingredient used by food manufacturers to mimic the taste and texture of fat in low-fat foods while providing fewer calories.

Where are triglycerides stored?

In fat cells

Structure of triglycerides

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Structure of glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group linked to each carbon

Most common fatty acids in food have how many carbon atoms?

16 to 18

What don't saturated fatty acids have structure wise

Double bonds

An unsaturated fatty acid has atleast one....

Double bond between two carbon atoms. If a double bond is broken, 2 hydrogen atoms can be added to the molecule

Corn oil is

13% saturated fat, 25% monosaturated fat, 62% polyunsaturated fat

The fats in in meat and dairy products

Are usually high in saturated fat

Fats from

Plants

Are usually high in unsaturated fats

What plant oils are high in monosaturated fatty acids?

Olive oil and peanut oil

What plant oils are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Corn, safflower, and soybean oils.

What tropical plant oils are high in saturated fatty acids?

Coconut oil and palm oil.

What does saturated fat, cholesterol and trans fat contribute to?

Heart disease

What is soy lethicin added to?

Chocolate bars, candies, and baked products

What is the emulsifier in mayonnaise?

egg yolk (lecithin)

Phytosterols

naturally occurring sterols found in plants

How many calories per gram of fat?

9

Monoglyceride

a glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached

Why do women have a lower risk of CHD?

Female hormones tend to protect against CHD

Smokers chance of dying from heart attack is increased by

4 times

Hypertension affects about

20-25% of the adult population