Lab 1 Anatomical Directional terms and mitosis

superior

inferior

anterior or ventral

posterior or dorsal

ventral or anterior

lateral

medial

towards the head

cephalad or cranial

towards the feet

caudal

towards the surface

superficial

away from the surface

deep

proximal

distal

transverse plane

sagittal plane

frontal plane

7 containing both 1 and b

Dorsal body cavity

1

cranial cavity

3

vertebral cavity

All the red cavities

Ventral body cavity

4

thoracic cavity

c

pleural body cavity

a

superior mediastinal cavity

D

pericardial cavity

3 and 4

abdominopelvic cavity

3

abdominal cavity

4

pelvic cavity

organs located in the cranial cavity

brain

organs located in the vertebral cavity

spinal cord

organs located in the pleural cavity

lungs

organs located in the superior mediastinal cavity

trachea and esophagus

organs located in the pericardial cavity

the heart

organs located in the abdominal cavity

stomach

organs located in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder and reproductive organs

upper right quadrant

B

upper left quadrant

C

lower right quadrant

D

lower left quadrant

what organs are in the upper right quadrant

liver, gallbladder

what organs are in the upper left quadrant

stomach, spleen

what organs are in the lower right quadrant

appendix and cecum

what organs are in the lower left quadrant

sigmoid colon and left ureter

prophase

early prophase

late prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokenesis

interphase

interphase

the one in the center

early prophase

late prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

completely split

cytokinesis

chromatin

the spaghetti like unwound DNA inside the nuclear envelope during interphase

kinetochore

• located in the centromere area of a chromosome.

• Spindle microtubules attach to it

• allows the spindle to move the chromosomes during mitosis.

centromere

The area where 2 sister chromatids are held together

aster

star-shaped microtubule arrays that extend from the centrosomes

equator

• imaginary line around cell that evenly splits cell in 2

• During metaphase, chromosomes line up here

chromosome

• a tightly coiled DNA and proteins

• carries the genetic information of a cell

cleavage furrow

Indentation that forms in the cell membrane during cytokinesis and helps divide the cell

spindle

• microtubules that form from the centrosomes.

• attach at the kinetochore in the centromere region of a chromatid

• It helps pull and move move the chromosomes during mitosis.

chromatid

• Condensed form of chromatin

• becomes visible during prophase

• 2 make sisters

centriole pair

Pair of cylindrical structures within a centrosome that help organize microtubules
90 degrees from each other

Describe the appearance of a cells genetic material during prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

List at least 3 changes that occur in a cell during prophase

• Nuclear envelope breaks down

• nucleolus disappears

• chromosomes condense

• spindle fibers begin forming.

How can you tell if a cell is in early or late prophase?

Early = chromosomes beginning to condense. 

Late = chromosomes fully condensed and clearly visible.

Describe the appearance of a cells genetic material during metaphase

Condensed chromosomes lined up in a single row.

At what specific location within the cell is the genetic material located during metaphase

Middle/equator of the cell (metaphase plate).

Describe the appearance of a cells genetic material during anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

Why are the pieces of genetic material V shaped during anaphase

The centromere is pulled first, causing the chromatids to form a V shape as they move toward the poles.

describe the appearance of a cells genetic material in telophase

Chromosomes have reached opposite poles and begin to uncoil/decondense.

List at least 3 changes that occur in a cell during telophase

• Nuclear envelopes reform; 

• nucleoli reappear; 

• chromosomes uncoil; 

• spindle fibers disappear.

How can you tell if a cell is in early or late telophase?

Early = chromosomes still condensed and are at opposite ends of pole

nuclei beginning to reform 

Late = chromosomes mostly uncoiled, two distinct nuclei formed.