AQA GCSE Biology - Infection and Response Flashcards

Flashcards covering non-specific defence systems, viral, bacterial, fungal, and protist diseases, as well as vaccinations based on AQA GCSE Biology notes.

The top layer of the skin epidermis is made of __________ cells that make it hard for pathogens to penetrate.

dead

Sebaceous glands in the skin produce an __________ oil to protect against pathogen entry.

antimicrobial

When skin blood vessels are broken, platelets activate and form a clot held together by protein fibers called __________.

fibrin

In the human respiratory tract, __________ cells produce mucus to trap dirt particles carrying pathogens.

Goblet

Ciliated cells in the airways use energy released by their many __________ to waft mucus up to the throat.

mitochondria

Fungal cells are eukaryotic cells with a cell wall made of chitin and cellulose, but they lack __________ and cannot perform photosynthesis.

chloroplasts

Athlete's foot is a fungal infection causing sore, white patches that itch and split, which is treated using over-the-counter __________ creams and powders.

antifungal

Oral thrush is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus __________ when normal bacterial competition is disrupted.

Candida albicans

Rose black spot is a plant fungal disease caused by the pathogen __________.

Diplocarpon rosae

Rose black spot damages leaf mesophyll and palisade cells, reducing photosynthesis so that less __________ is produced for plant growth.

glucose

Spores of the rose black spot fungus germinate after about $7\text{ hours}$ of wet conditions at an optimum temperature of about __________.

$$24\,^\circ\text{C}$$

An organism that passes a pathogen from one person to another without causing the disease itself is known as a __________.

vector

Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by a protist belonging to the genus __________.

Plasmodium

When a mosquito feeds on an infected human, it picks up malarial parasites through its __________.

mouthparts

After being injected into a human by a mosquito bite, malarial protists multiply inside the __________ before invading red blood cells.

liver

The bursting of red blood cells during malaria infection causes tiredness because less __________ is carried to body cells.

oxygen

Spraying oil onto stagnant water surfaces prevents mosquito larvae and pupae from developing by starving them of __________.

oxygen

A structure, usually a protein on the surface of a cell, recognized by white blood cells as foreign is called an __________.

antigen

Lymphocytes produce Y-shaped protein structures called __________ that bind specifically to matching foreign antigens.

antibodies

A vaccination introduces a small quantity of a dead or weakened form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to create __________ cells.

memory

When a large proportion of a population is immune to a pathogen, non-immunized individuals are protected by __________ immunity.

herd

A white blood cell is $100\,\mu\text{m}$ ($1.0 \times 10^{-4}\,\text{m}$), a bacterium is $30\,\mu\text{m}$ ($3 \times 10^{-5}\,\text{m}$), and a virus is $50\,\text{nm}$ ($5 \times 10^{-8}\,\text{m}$), giving a whole-number size ratio of __________.

$$2000 : 600 : 1$$

Antibiotics target bacterial cell walls or reproductive mechanisms without affecting human cells because human cells are eukaryotic and lack __________.

cell walls

Symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning, such as abdominal cramps and vomiting, are caused by toxic bacterial __________ products.

waste

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted bacterial disease that causes pain when urinating and a thick yellow or green __________ from the genitals.

discharge

The plant bacterial disease that causes tumor-like crown galls on host plants is __________.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

HIV hijacks white blood cells to replicate and eventually causes the white blood cells to __________ (burst) to release thousands of new viruses.

lyse