AL - Rules of the Air

SERA:

Standardised European Rules of the Air

To establish the common rules of the air and operational provisions regarding services and procedures in air navigation that shall be applicable to general air traffic, 551/2004

Annex 2 -

Annex 2 - Rules of the Air

Annex 11 -

Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services

Annex 15 -

Aeronautical information Services

PANS OPS ICAO Doc 8168

Aircraft Operations

Which Rule of the Air applies?

ICAO Annex 2 applies to ICAO aircraft if they don’t conflict with rules of the territory overflown.

Swiss Aircraft over Switzerland, Swiss rules apply, if it goes into Austria, Swiss and Austria apply, but Austrian rules take precedence. OVer the high sea, ICAO Annex 2.

When Does Annex 2 and SERA apply?

Within Europe SERA applies to all aircraft
For European aircraft, SERA and ICAO ANNEX 2 applies wherever, except when it conflicts with the overflown territories rules

Distress Signals

• SOS in Morse Code

• Mayday RT

• Datalink Mayday

• Red parachute Flare

• Red rocket flare.
  
  

Urgency = On/ off NAV lights
(or and landing lights)
unlimited times, not 3 times.

NCO vs NCC

Non Commercial ‘Other’ → Other than complex Aircraft (so smaller AC)

Non Commercial Complex → Complex aircraft.

Lights should be displayed:

From sunset to sunrise, or any other period prescribed by the authority, all aircraft in flight shall display
- Anti collision
- Nav lights

When do flight rules apply?

On the ground: general flight rules + Local Rules

In the air: General flight rules + (IFR or VFR)


IFR/VFR not on the ground, as they are FLIGHT rules.

When is a flight plan Mandatory ?

Airspace A to E, IFR flight plan mandatory
F& G, FPL not required (but recommended)

Simulated Instrument Flight

• full dual controls

• safety pilot who has forward and side vision (not 360).

Signals Aerodrome to Traffic in flight - Green Flash

Return to land

Signals Aerodrome to Traffic in flight - Green Steady

Cleared to land

Signals Aerodrome to Traffic in flight - Red Flash

Unsafe do not land

Signals Aerodrome to Traffic in flight - Red Steady

Give way keep circling

Signals Aerodrome to Traffic in flight - White Flash

land - proceed to apron

Signals Aerodrome to Traffic in flight - Red Flare

Do not land for the time being (notwithstanding)

Repetitive Flight Plan - what is required

• Aircraft ident

• Aircraft type and wake cat

• departure aerodrome

• cruise speeds

Loss of Comms (Times)

IFR:
non Radar: 20 mins
with Radar: 7 mins

Being Radar Vectored, rejoin flight plan no later than the next significant point

Signals for Aircraft on Ground - Stready Green

Cleared Take off

Signals for Aircraft on Ground - Flashing Green

Cleared to taxi

Signals for Aircraft on Ground - Steady Red

Stop

Signals for Aircraft on Ground - Flashing Red

Taxi clear of the landing area

Signals for Aircraft on Ground - White Flash

Return to starting point.

Aerodrome - who has priority

Highest to lowest
Aircraft on final
Aircraft Taxying
Towing Aircraft
Vehicles

Right Of Way

The aircraft that has the other on its right, will give way.

Nav Light Requirements

Red Left 110°
Green Right 110°
White Rear 140°
The angles add to 360, Red = Heart, on your Left.

Flight Plan Deviation Speed

5% TAS or 2 mins+
+-10kt or 0.2 mach

Flight Plan Delay: When to update

Controlled Flight 30 mins
Uncontrolled 60 mins.

Over taking aircraft - what Degrees is considered?

70°.

Minimum Heights

• IFR, 1000ft above obstacle within 8km

• Or 2000ft over mountain area

  • Some questions say double height for mountain

Height over congested areas:

• To land or Take off

• when authorised by authority

• At an altitude that would give a safe landing away from congested area.

VFR Visibility

Above 10,000ft All Airspace (AMSL)
Vis 8km, cloud 1,5000m horizontally, 1,000ft vertically

Below 10,000ft All Airspace (AMSL)
Vis 5km, Cloud the same

Below 3,000ft AMSL or 1,000ft above terrain
Class A to E - 5km Vis - Same Clouds
Class F / G - 5km Clear of Cloud in sight of surface

SVFR:

Normal VFR: Ceiling 1,500ft (500ft min alt + 1,000ft cloud seperation) - Vis 5km

SFVR: Ceiling 600ft, vis 1500m
(allows 500ft min alt + 100ft cloud)

Max VFR FL:

Max FL200 unless authorised

IFR: MSA vs MFA

MSA - Min Sector Altitude -
used on instrument charts and relates to obstacles within 25nm of specific point

Minimum Flight Altitude -
Min alt for an ATS route and control area.

when no MFA is established:

• Over Mountains: 2000ft of obstacle within 8km.

• Elsewhere 1,000ft of obstacle within 8km.
  
  

RVSM Airspace

• Begins at FL290 to FL410

• Allows 1000ft seperation between opposite directions (instead of 2,000ft in NON RVSM)

Non RVSM. Gives same way traffic 4,000 seperation, opposite way 2,000ft)
(290 is always East)
290 → East
300 → Not Used
310 → West
320 → Not Used
330 → East

RVSM - Halves the separation (2,000 same way, 1,000ft opposite)
FL290→ East
FL300 → West

IFR Flight Level Direction

Magnetic TRACK- TRACK ALWAYS, not HEADING.
000-179 = East
180-359 = West

(Can be different for RVSM, draw the table)

Designated Airspace = Means RVSM in questions

Designated Airspace = Means RVSM in questions

Changing Flight Plan in flight

IFR to VFR = Initiated by pilot only. (cancelling my IFR flight plan)

VFR to IFR → Commuincate changes to the flight plan to ATC>

Interception:

• Frequency for contact is 121.5 and 243MHz (double)

• code 7700 Mode A
  
  Wordings, remember simple