Note Packet 6

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

It is impossible to determine both position and momentum (mv) of an electron with any certainty

• Proved Bohr wrong

How many electrons can one single orbital hold?

2

Orbital S

Spherical in shape

Orbital P

A dumbbell shape

Orbital D

Clover leaf shaped

Orbital F

Too complex to narrow down to one shape

Electron Cloud Model

Electrons are described in four ways:

1. Principal energy level (n)

2. Energy sublevel = s,p,d,f

3. Orbital type/shape

4. Spin

Spin

Electrons in the same orbital never have opposite spins

Information Obtained

• Constants - Principal Energy Level

• Letters - Info about Sublevels

• Exponents - Info about Electrons

Number of Possible Orbitals

• s = 1

• p = 3

• d = 5

• f = 7

Principal Energy Level 1

• Sublevel - s

• Orbitals - 1

• Maximum Electrons - 2

Principal Energy Level 2

• Sublevel - s,p

• Orbitals - 4

• Maximum Electrons - 8

Principal Energy Level 3

• Sublevel - s,p,d

• Orbitals - 9

• Maximum Electrons - 18

Principal Energy Level 4

• Sublevel - s,p,d,f

• Orbitals - 16

• Maximum Electrons - 32

Aufbau Principle

Place electrons from lowest to highest energy

Hund’s Rule

In sublevels with more than one orbital, spread out electrons before you double up

• Never s

• Sublevels p, d, f