Cell Bio Unit 2 Learning Checks

Describe how catabolic and anabolic pathways differ, and whether each is exergonic or endergonic

Describe how catabolic and anabolic pathways are coupled using activated carriers like APT or NADH

Define/describe free energy, how does it determine whether a reaction is energetically favorable or unfavorable

How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions, and how is that different from heat as a catalyst

Describe how and why heat , pH, inhibitors, and substrate concentration affects enzyme activity

Define apoenzyme, coenzyme, cofactors, holoenzyme

What do Km and Vmax refer to for an enzyme, and how are these affected by competitive vs non-competitive inhibitors

Define oxidation and reduction, and how can you determine which reactant is the oxidizing agent and with is the reducing agent?

Describe how catabolic and anabolic pathways differ. Include a discussion of the role of ATP for each

1. Describe the second law of thermodynamics.  How does this relate to whether a reaction will be energetically favorable?

1. Define/describe free energy.  Would you expect an endergonic reaction to have a positive or negative change in free energy?  What about exergonic?

1. How do enzymes catalyze reactions?  Your answer should include a discussion (and definition) of activation energy.

Define Vmax and Km. Why does a low Km translate to a high reaction rate?

How can we experimentally determine Vmax and Km? Describe the set up and calculation required

1. In a simple graph, draw a line indicating the reaction rate for: (make sure to label your axes)

   • Uninhibited enzyme

   • Competitive Inhibitor (fixed concentration)

     • Non-competitive inhibitor (fixed concentration

1. Given the following redox reaction, answer the questions below: AH + B- → A- + BH

   • Which molecule is being reduced?

   • Which molecule is being oxidized?

   • Which molecule is the oxidizing agent?

   • Which molecule is the reducing agent?

What are net inputs(reactants) and outputs(products) of glycolysis

Decribe regulatory mechanism for phosphofructokinase (PFK) and the rationale

What are the net inputs and outputs of ethanol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of anaerobic metabolism (fermentation)

What are net inputs and outputs of pyruvate oxidation

What are the net inputs and outputs of Krebs Cycle

Describe regulatory mechanism for both pyruvate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, and a description of why this mechanism makes sense

Oxygen is not required for any steps in the Krebs cycle, but the krebs cycle won’t continue without it, and explain why

What is net input and output/summary reaction of oxidative phosphorylation

Describe chemiosmotic hypothesis

Bacteria ususally don’t have