Pharmacology Chapter 2 quiz

this is so long omg this was all that she made us highlight

Adverse Reaction

An unwanted, harmful reaction to a medication that occurs at normal doses. These reactions can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.

Allergic Reaction

An immune response to a medication that occurs when the body mistakenly identifies it as a harmful substance. Symptoms can include rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.

Anaphylaxis

A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, and a drop in blood pressure. It often requires immediate medical treatment, typically with epinephrine.

Antagonism

A pharmacological interaction where one substance counteracts or inhibits the effects of another, typically resulting in reduced efficacy of the affected medication.

Cumulation

Increased storage of a medication in the body caused by the body’s inability to metabolize or excrete the medicatiojn before another dose taken

Drug

Any substance that causes chemical change to the body

Ideal Drug

A theoretical construct that has only qualities of effectiveness and safety and produces no side effects or adverse reactions (they don’t exist).

Pharmacotherapeutics

Effects of drugs in treatment of disease

Parenteral Route

Route by which medications are given through skin by injection, such as intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and intravenous

Percutaneous

Route through the skin; in pharmacology refers to medication's absorbed through the skin or mucous membrane such as topical, buccal, transdermal medications

Side Effect

Mild or annoying but expected and fairly common undesirable response to a medication

Summation

Combining of drugs to achieve the expected effect of each drug

Generic Drug

Drug not protected by a trademark but regulated by the FDA

Synergism

Working together of two or more drugs to produce a stronger effect than could be achieved with each drug taken alone

Therapeutics

Pertaining to beneficial treatment

Tolerance

Decreased response to a medication after prolonged use

Active Ingredient

The pure, undiluted form of a chemical that produces an effect but is rarely given alone. Usually combined with one or more inert ingredients (or vehicles).

Inert Ingredients

Assists the drug’s action and may also contain ingredients such as preservatives, colorings, and flavorings.

Ideal Drug

It’s a theoretical construct that has only qualities of effectiveness and safety and produces no side effects or adverse reactions.

Predictability

Drug will produce the same effect each time the same dose is given

Ease of administration

Drug is simple to administrate, convenient use, and requires only one dose a day, to help the patient follow the directions for the medications.

Inexpensive

Low cost will help lighten the financial burden of taking medications over prolonged periods.

Identification

A name that is easy to pronounce and remember

The rate of absorption

Directly related to the route of administration and the drug’s solubility or its ability to disolve

Fastest oral preparation and their absorption rates

Syrups, elixirs, liquids

Second fastest oral preparation and their absorption rates

Suspensions

Third fastest oral preparation and their absorption rates

Powders

Fourth fastest oral preparation and their absorption rates

Capsules

Fourth oral preparation and their absorption rates

Tablets

Third slowest oral preparation and their absorption rates

Coated tablets

Second slowest oral preparation and their absorption rates

Enteric-coated tablets

Slowest oral preparation and their absorption rates

Timed-release capsules

Eternal Routes (pertaining to gastrointestinal tract route of medication administration) - SLOWEST

Oral: 30-60 minutes / as often as possible - safest and most convenient / most medications (tablets, capsules)

Sublingual: Several sec to several min / rapid effect / Nitroglycerin for angina

Buccual: Several min / rapid effect / fentanyl for pain

Rectal: 15-30 min (depending on contents of rectum which has high blood flow) / When oral effects cannot be used - local effect / suppositories for nausea and vomiting or for constipation

Parenteral Route (given through skin injections such as intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, and intravenous) - MEDIUM

Subcutaneous (SC): Several mins; 20-30 min / medications inactive by gastrointestinal tract or when fast absorption is not indicated / Insulin, vaccines

Intramuscular (IM): Several min, shorter than SC route; 15-25 min / Medications with poor absorption or when more rapid effects are desired higher blood levels are obtained faster / Narcotics, antibiotics, hormones

Intravenous (IV): Approximately 1 min; administered directly into bloodstream / When immediate effects are necessary; when absorption in muscles is not adequate or is damaging to tissues / Cancer medications, cytotoxics

Intraarterial: Approximetly 1 min / Locatal effects within an internal organ / select cancer medications

Percutaneous or Mucosal Route (through skin: in pharmacology refers to medications absorbed through the skin or mucous membrane such as topical, buccal, or transdermal medications) - FASTEST

Transdermal: 30-60 min / Convenient to provide continuous absorption and systemic effects over hours / Nitroglycerin, estrogen, and fentanyl

Intrathecal: Several min / Local effects in spinal cord / spinal anesthesia, epidurals

Inhalation: Approximately 1 min / local effects on respiratory tract / spinal anesthesia, epidurals Medications for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: oxygen

Topical: Approximately 1 hr / Local effects on skin, ears, eyes / Creams, ointments, drops

Vaginal: 15-30 min / Local effects / Creams, foams, suppositories

Urethral 15-30 min / Local effects / Gels, jellies

Incorrect administration (Rate of absorption effects)

Poor technique in giving a medication may destroy the drug before it reaches the bloodstream or its site of action. Specific directions for administration must be given and followed to enhance absorption

pH (Rate of absorption effects)

Drugs of an acidic pH such as aspirin are easily absorbed in the acidic surroundings of the stomach, whereas alkaline medications such as Maalox are more readily absorbed in the alkaline environment of the small intestine

Food in stomach (Rate of absorption effects)

Food in the stomach slows the absorption rate and decreases irritation, whereas an empty stomach increases the rate of absorption and irritation in most medications. Some drugs require food in the intestinal tract for absorption to take place

Fat or lipid solubility (Rate of absorption effects)

Drugs that are highly soluble in fats or lipids, such as alcohol and alcohol-containing substances, are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas those with low lipid solubility are better absorbed when given by other routes.

Length of contract (Rate of absorption effects)

Absorption of topical drugs is influenced by the length of contact time with the skin, size of contact area, skin thickness, and hydration of tissues at the site of application.

Inhalation factors (Rate of absorption effects)

Depth of respirations, surface area of mucous membranes, hydration of the patient, blood supply to the lungs, and drug concentration influence the rapidity of absorption. Inhalation is actually one of the most rapid forms for medication absorption

Drug concentration (Rate of absorption effects)

High concentrations of drugs tend to be absorbed more rapidly; thus initial or first doses may be larger than maintenance or daily doses

Drug blood level

The amount of drug circulating in the bloodstream ready to travel through the body fluids to its site of action or distribution.

Depressant (Four major drug actions)

Reduces the activity of the body function. EX: tolterodine (Detrol) depresses the urge to void

Stimulant (Four major drug actions)

Increases body function or activity. EX: Laxatives stimulate peristalsis. Oral hypoglycemics stimulate the pancrease to release insulin

Irritant (Four major drug actions)

Produces symptoms of inflammation at site of application. EX. fluorouracil (Efudex) irritates skin lesions for destruction of the lesion as a side effect Ichthammol increases the inflammation of boils

Demulcent (Four major drug actions)

Soothing action for irritation, usually to skin or mucous membranes. EX. Hydrocortisone cream soothes allergic skin reactions / Lanolin smoothes cracked skin and decreases irritation

Pharmacotherapeutics or pharmacotherapy

The effect of a drug in the treatment of disease. They’re combinations of the biologic, physical, and psychologic changes induced as a result of the drug’s action

Therapeutic

Maintain homeostasis, relieve symptoms, fight illness, and reverse disease processes. ED: promotion of normal growth and function

Diagnostic

Aid in diagnosing disease, aid in examination of the patient, and permit discovery of the nature or extent of disease condition. EX: Barium for x-ray studies

Destructive

Destroy cells and tissues. EX: Radioisotopes to treat hyperactive glands

Pharmacodynamic

Alter normal body function. EX: Anesthetics for either sleep or numbness

Prophylactic

Prevent occurrence of illnesses or diseases. EX: Immunizations

Toxicology

All drugs or chemicals have a toxic level; when taken in excess, they act as poisons. A single dose of medication can mean the difference between a theraoeutic or a toxic effect.

Idiosyncratic drug reaction

Unwanted reactions that occur with the first dose of a drug or when a subsequent dose is given. They’re unpredictable and may form genetic predispositions. Pt should be evaluated for safeety

Drug-Drug Interactions

When two or more medications are prescribed together, (1) the drugs have no effect on each other’s action, (2) the drug increase the effect, or (3) the drugs decrease the effect of each. Most drugs don’t interact with other drugs or food, but when such interactions do occur some may be life-threatening.

Nutrient-Drug Interactions

Nutrient-drug interactions are poorly understood They can indfuce toxic effects and/or casuse failure of therapy.

Synergism

One drug brings about a stronger effect of another drug when taken together

Potentation

Drug increases the effect of another drug in the body

Pseudoaddiction

Abnormal behavior developing as direct result of inadequate pain management

Dependence, addiction, habituation

Body dependent on drug to function

Psychological dependence

Emotional attatchment to or craving for drug

Physical dependence

Physiologic dependence with possibility of withdrawal symptoms

Disease-Drug Interactions

Sometimes drugs used for ond disease are harmful with regard to another disorder or diseasse present. More common with older adults. Awareness of all diseases by the physician before prescribing medications is most important for drug safety.