BIOL 211 midterm 2

Golden age of microbiology

Happened in 1800

CE

common era

BCE

Before common era

Why did smallpox effect Native American but not Spanish?

No prior exposure, fewer domesticated animals, multiple waves of diseases

What happened to Athens in their war against the Sparta?

The crowded city, rodents and poor sanitation led to the plague

What was the plague of Athens like?

Rapid fever and thirst, pustules on skin. Immunity after recovery

What was the plague of Athens caused by

Streptococcus pyrogens, gram positive form of scarlet fever

Why did Roman’s rule decline

Epidemic malaria caused by vectors

Vectors

DNA molecule used as vehicle to transport genetic material into host (can be mosquito or arthropods -riman empire malaria)

Other epidemic in Rome and symptoms

Great plague of Cyprion: diarrhea, fever, gangrene of hands and feet. HIGH death rate

Bubonic plague date and origin

540, started in North America and then spread to rest of world

Specific name of bubonic plague outbreak

Plague of Justinian

The vector for the bubonic plague

Fleas

Black Death

1346 bubonic plague pandemic, first pandemic

Epidemic

Disease in population that is rapid and more than expected

Pandemic

Epidemic that spreads across regions

Endemic

Disease that is present among a population at all times at a stable level

Diseases European introduced to new world

Measles, influenza, malaria

Acute disease

Start suddenly, last for short time

Chronic disease

Develop slowly, last for long time or lifetime

Examples of cute diseases

Smallpox, measles, influenza

Examples of chronic diseases

HIV/AIDS, meningitis, tuberculosis

Latent virus

Pathogen infects a cell, but then enters a dormant or inactive state, producing no new virus. Can be reactivated.

What disease effect napoleons/france in North America (Louisiana purchase)

Yellow fever

What disease effected napoleon/french during invasion of Russia

Typhus

What is typhus transmitted by and what is the bacterium

Rickesettsia prowazekii, body lice

Monoculture

Agricultural area dominated by a single crop, dangerous when pests invade.

Irish potato famine cause, deaths

Fungi like/algae like Phytophthora infestans, cause total crop failure, 8mil died

What diseases prevented the French from building the Panama Canal

Malaria and yellow fever

What bacterium helped the British produce acetone?

Clostridium acetobutylicum a gram positive bacterium

Antibodies & cross -reactive

Proteins that neutralize pathogens, usually specific to micro orgs, but cross- reactive ones can bind to 2

Which 2 pathogens have cross reactive antibodies

Rickettsia prowazekii & proteus vulgaris u used to combat typhus by producing more anti proteus antibodies

Helminths

Large parasitic worms

Parasite

• Any organism that lives in or on another to reproduce & get nutrients

Schistosome type & impacted region in history

Chinese soldiers, acute schistosomiasis caused by swimming in rivers with infected helminths snails

Graph of types of infection time vs amount

Fermentation

Creating energy without oxygen with side product of alcohol & others

Pasteurization

Meeting to rid of unwanted organisms

Germ theory of disease discoverer & concept

Ignaz Semmelweis. Micro orgs cause disease discovered in hospital where autopsies were carrying germs to babies/mothers

What is childbed sever caused by

Streptococcus pyogens

Florence nightingale

Introduced sanitary practices to nursing

What did Joseph lister invent

Aseptic technique

What did Robert Koch discover

Pure culture technique, anthrax in animals isolate organisms to determine specific bacterium's cause specific diseases. Discovered bacillus caused anthrax

Koch's postulates

1. microbe must be present Lin all cases, absent in healthy orgs

2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture

3. Cultured agent must cause the disease in healthy susceptible host

4. The same microbe must be reisolated from the experimental host

What did Koch use his postulates to discover

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, typhus, diphtheria, gonorhea

Who discovered and how did they discover the causative agent of bubonic plague

Alexander yersin, went to china and isolated bacteria from lungs and injected into rats. Bacterium named Yersina pestis.

Variation

Injecting small amounts of disease to create immunity

Attenuation

Weakening of microbes

Who started & finished finding antibiotic like drugs

Paul ehrlich found differences incells, company IG farben & Gerard domagk found 1st drug

Who round 1st antibiotic

Alexander Fleming w/ staphylococcus & penicillium chrysogenum

Recombinant DNA

Joining DNA molecules artificially

Example of microbial cell factory

Chaim weizmann, military leader David Lloyd George, acetone, and clostridium acetobutylicum

Redis 1665 experiment

Disproved spontaneous generation

Ages of microbio

Ancient, early, golden age, modern

Joseph lister

Bandages and phenol on surgical wounds to prevent infection

Central dogma of biology

Nucleotide

Building block of dna, including nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate group

4 nitrogenous bases of dna

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Gene

Sequence of dna nucleotide that codes for a protein

What carbon # is the phosphate attached to

5

What carbon # is the base attached to

1

What carbon is the phosphate of the previous nucleotide linked to

3

3’ and 5’ ends

3’ is the side with unlinked carbon 3

5’ has a phosphate

What direction is code read from, what direction is it built

Read 3’ to 5’

Built 5’ to 3’

Purine

Double ring adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines

Single ringed thymine and cytosine

Chromosome

dna organization units with dna and proteins. DNA us coiled around proteins

Differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna

Prokaryotic:

Typically 1 chromosome

In cytoplasm

Circular

Eukaryotic:

Linear

Species specific chromosome #

Chromosome come in pairs (two copies of each gene

Human chromosome #

46 (23 pairs )

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to protein

Promoter

Start signal

Termination sequence

RNA releases, rna polymerase detached

“Christmas tree”

Genes caught in the act of transcription by many different rna polymerases at different stages

transcription factors

eukaryotic factors that bind to promoters, rna polymerase binds to the protein rather than promoter

Introns

Noncoding regions

Exons

Portions actually translated into proteins

RNA splicing

Intron removed after transcription

What is a common ,ethos of antibiotics to stop pathogens

Interfere with bacterial translation

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation

Prokaryotic:

Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously

Ribosomes are smaller, drugs can interfere

Eukaryotic:

mRNA must leave nucleus after transcription and before translation

Larger ribosome, drugs cannot interfere

Regulated genes

Genes that get turned on and off based on conditions

Constitutive genes

Non regulated, need at all time

Operons

Gene clusters where the products are all involved in the same overall process, all on or all off

Operator

In between promoter and gene, turns on / prevents transcription. Repressor binds to it to stop .

inducer

The thing that removes the repressor to start transcription

Inducible

Turns on when thing is present

Repression

Turned off when substance is available

Activator proteins

Bind to promoter or nearby dna to enhance rna polymerase

Example of activator protein

cAMP-CAP complex

Example of inducible operon

Lac operon

Example of repression operon

Trypophan trp producing bacteria operon

Quorum sensing

Cell signaling to detect population density and know the threshold level

Auto inducer

Chemical signaling molecule that bacteria produce to communicate and monitor population

Micro RNA

Small rna that regulate gene expression

Asexual reproduction

Single parent cell creates two identical daughter cells

Sexual reproduction

2 parents fuse sex cell (gametes). Includes genetic recombination

Alleles

Alternate forms of a gene that occupy a specific part of a chromosome

Horizontal gene transfer

Not parent to offspring/reproductive passing of genetic materials

Transformation

DNA from dead cells to live cells