BIOL212 - Exam2: Short Essay

Trace the flow of lymph from the tissue in the right arm until it reaches the correct subclavian vein

Tissue (interstitial fluid) —> Lymphatic capillaries (lymph) —> Lymphatic vessels —> Lymph nodes —> Lymphatic vessels —> (the lymph may enter a series of lymph nodes before continuing —> right lymphatic duct —> right subclavian vein —> right atrium of the heart

What is the difference between Interstitial Bone Growth and Appositional Bone Growth?

Interstitial Bone Growth:

• Is bone growth that grows in length, within the bone

• Endochondral Ossification

• Starts at the epiphyseal plate hyaline cartilage

Appositional Bone Growth:

• Is bone growth that grows in diameter (width), outward

• Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification

• Osteoblasts

What is the difference between Hyperextension whiplash & Hyperflexion whiplash?

• Hyperextension whiplash causes damage to the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

• Hyperflexion whiplash causes damage to the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Write out the Steps for Intramembranous Ossification for a flat bone

1. Mesenchyme

2. Mesenchyme differentiate into osteoblasts

3. Osteoblasts secrete matrix (osteoid)

4. Osteoblasts surrounded by matrix become osteocytes trapped within lacunae

5. Spicules formed

6. Spicules unite to form spongy bone (endosteum forms around spongy bone)

7. Remodeling of spongy bone turns into compact bone (periosteum forms around bone)