Brain organization and development (exam 4 review) *1st lesson*

neural tube defect where caudal end doesn't close

spina bifida

deep areas of gray matter in the cerebrum

cerebral nuclei

shallow crease of fold of cerebrum

sulcus

process by which the nervous system is derived from the ectoderm

neurulation

raised area of fold of cerebrum

gyrus

superficial layer of gray matter of the cerebrum

cerebral cortex

neural tube defect where the brain is partially or completely absent as a result of the cranial end doesn't close

anencephaly

Which term describes a bundle of axons in the brain or spinal cord (CNS)?

tract

Which term describes a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord (CNS)?

nucleus

The rapid growth of the ____________ causes it to completely envelop the diencephalon.

cerebrum

Which of the following a considered to be 4 major brain regions?

1. diencephalon

2. cerebrum

3. cerebellum

4. brain stem

The _________ expands in different areas to form the brain and spinal cord.

neural tube

Different regions of the neural tube all grow at the same rate.

False

Myelinated axons

White matter

what does Gray matter consist of

Axon terminals, neuroglia, cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

Deepest layer of meninges that is attached to the brain surface where it follows every crease or fold of the cerebrum

Pia mater

Smooth surface with “cobweb” connections

Arachnoid mater

most superficial layer of meninges; very tough

dura mater

Meningitis

inflammation or infection of the meninges

blood brain barrier

prevents exposure of the brain to substances in the blood that could adversely affect brain function

Dural Folds

located between some of the brain regions and functions to provide additional stabilization

hydrocephalus

condition that occurs when there is excessive CSF; untreated it will cause pressure & damage to brain tissue

ependymal cells

neuroglia that line the ventricles and fluid- filled space of brain and spinal cord

Ventricles

series of connected chambers containing CSF that are formed from expansion of neural canal

superior sagittal sinus

large vein that absorbs excess cerebrospinal fluid

choroid plexus

capillaries with special ependymal cells that produce CSF

subarachnoid space

Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Archnoid villi

mushroom shaped structure that allows passage of CSF to the superior sagittal sinus

Neural canal

fluid - filled internal space of neural tube

Check the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

transports nutrients, provides buoyancy so neural tissue isn't crushed under its own weight, acts as a cusion that protects against sudden movements, transports chemical signals

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?

subarachnoid space, ventricles, neural canal, cerebral aqueduct

The blood brain barrie is formed by endothelial cells with special ___________ and this neuroglial cell:__________.

tight junctions; astrocytes

CSF is continually produced but it is reabsorbed at the same rate.

True

The blood brain barrier allows lipid-soluble substances to pass but not water soluble substances.

True

whats the correct order

Blood plasma in capillaries of choroid plexus filters across ependymal cells, filtrate enters ventricles and is CSF, cillated ependymal cells circulate CSF through ventricles & it enters subarachnoid space, CSF is reabsorbed into superior sagittal sinus through arachnoid villi

List the order in which CSF is circulated starting with the lateral ventricles.

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal of spinal cord

corpus callosum

largest tract communicating between left and right cerebral hemispheres

longitudinal fissure

deep indentation that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

cerebral nuclei

helps regulate motor output of the cerebral cortex by stopping unwanted movements

affects muscle movement & balance resulting in a stiff posture & shuffling gait as well as expressionless face

Parkinson’s Disease

Disease that affects the cerebral nuclei resulting in wild, jerky movements

Huntington's Disease

makes up cerebral white matter

Tracts

cartoon- like map of the brain where the size and location of each body region indicates the relative innervation

Sensory or motor homunculus

cerebral hemispheres appear anatomically identical but each hemisphere is specialized for certain tasks

Cerebral lateralization

occipital Lobe

Vision

parietal lobe

general sensory, propioception, touch, pain

insula

memory, tatse

Frontal Lobe

verbal communication, judgment, voluntary motor, decision making, personality,

Which layer of the cerebrum is your consciousness?

cerebral cortex

In left handed people, the categorical hemisphere is located in the____________.

either or shared between hemispheres

Somatic senses are those senses that you are consciously aware and usually detected at the skin (pain, temperature, touch, pressure) as well as proprioceptive sensations.

True

Lateralization is highly correlated with handedness.

True

Which lobe is a deeper lobe that is not visible on the exterior of the cerebrum?

insula

Which area of the cerebrum would allow you to distinguish the sound of thunder from the sound of a baby crying?

auditory association area

In the majority of right handed people, the categorical hemisphere is located in the __________.

left cerebral hemisphere

Which area of the brain is NOT functioning if you can see but cannot identify what you are seeing?

visual association area

Cerebral lateralization does not occur until after puberty.

False

Ex: stimulation to this area would result in muscle contraction of a specific body region

Primary Motor cortex

initiates voluntary skeletal muscle activity

Primary Motor Cortex

Ex; pressing a key on a keyboard

Primary Motor Cortex

located in the precentral gyrus

Primary Motor Cortex

This would be active if a person pressed piano keys in a singular fashion

Primary Motor Cortex

recieves sensation of proprioception

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

recieves sensation of temperature

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

recieves sensation of touch

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

located in the postcentral gyrus

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

recieves sensation of pain

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

stimulation to this area would result in awareness of a sensation of that specific body region

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

This area would be active to ride a bike

Premotor Cortex

This area is active in someone skilled in typing to be able to quickly type with minimal mistakes

Premotor Cortex

association area that plans & coordinates learned, skilled motor activities

Premotor Cortex

This area would be active to play guitar or piano in a skilled fashion

Premotor Cortex

Also called Broca’s area

Motor Speech Area

association are that regulates the skeletal muscles involved with speech

Motor Speech Area

interprets sensations

Somatosensory Association Cortex

Allows us to identify objects by touch without seeing them

Somatosensory Association Cortex

processes taste information

Primary gustatory cortex

conscious awareness of smell

Primary olfactory cortex

Interprets and processes visual information to allow us to indentify what we see

Visual association Cortex

interprets auditory information & stores sound memories

auditory association area

recieves visual information

primary visual cortex

decision-making

Prefrontal Cortex

personality

Prefrontal Cortex

evaluating consequences

Prefrontal Cortex

planning

Prefrontal Cortex

located in the anterior part of the frontal lobe

Prefrontal Cortex

involved with higher intellectual functions

Prefrontal Cortex

Translates spoken & written language

Wernicke Area

Usually located only in the left cerebral hemisphere

Wernicke Area

Location of motor speech area and Wernicke area in most people

Categorical Hemisphere

processes analytical information and logic

Categorical Hemisphere

processes language

Categorical Hemisphere

processes sequencing

Categorical Hemisphere

in most people (-95%) it is the left cerebral hemisphere

Categorical Hemisphere

located of motor speech area and Wernicke are in most people

Categorical Hemisphere

processing of artistic abilities

Representational Hemisphere

processing of music

Representational Hemisphere

used for imagination and insight

Representational Hemisphere

processes visuospatial relationships

Representational Hemisphere

Which are structures of the diencephalon?

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, thalamus