EXAM 2 for 319 AIS/ASAM/AFRA/CHLS

Why do the slides describe Alcatraz as an idea as well as an island? What larger meaning did the occupation carry?

Symbol of resistance. Alcatraz became a symbol of Native self-determination, cultural identity, and resistance to government policies that took Native land and undermined tribal cultures.

The occupiers called for treaty rights, the return of land, and a Native cultural center.

What issue brought Navajo Nation v. US Forest Service to court? How did that issue connect to sacred places and religious freedom?

The case concerned a plan to make artificial snow at Arizona's Snowbowl ski resort using treated wastewater. Native nations and individuals argued that the San Francisco Peaks are sacred and that covering them with reclaimed water would interfere with their religious practices. The court ruled against their claim under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.

Which Native leader served as United States Secretary of the Interior from 2021 to 2025?

Deb Haaland, a member of the Pueblo of Laguna, served as Secretary of the Interior from 2021 to 2025. She was the first Native American to serve as a Cabinet secretary.

How do we talk respectfully about Native identity? Review why people's preferred terms and specific Tribal Nations matter.

Use the identity terms people prefer, such as Native American, American Indian, Indigenous, or the name of their specific Tribal Nation. When possible, name the Nation instead of treating all Native people as one group. Preferences vary, so it is respectful to use the terms a person or community uses for itself.

How many Tribal Nations participated as Code Talkers? Review the scope of participation described in the slides.

30+ Tribal Nations had members recognized as Code Talkers across World Wars I and II. Native servicemembers used their languages to send coded military messages.

What are two examples of the Red Power Movement from class? The American Indian Movement? The Occupation of Alcatraz? For each, be ready to explain the change people sought and the actions they took.

resist line three

redbone

music representation

american indian movement

dakota access pipeline resistance

What is the purpose of the Indian Child Welfare Act? Think about the relationships the law seeks to protect.

The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) sets standards for child-welfare and adoption cases involving Native children. It aims to protect children's best interests while supporting the stability of Native families and Tribal Nations and keeping children connected to their communities and culture.

Who was the first female Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation discussed in class?

Wilma Mankiller

What are some ways Native people participate in civic engagement? Think about how people take part in community and political decisions.

voting

serving in Tribal or public office

attending community meetings,

organizing protests

advocating for policy changes

protecting treaty rights, and taking part in decisions that affect their communities.

making art

What milestone did James Ramos achieve in California political representation?

First California Native American elected to the state assembly (2018).

What did John Trudell mean when he called for people to take the political system under their control? How does this connect to civic engagement?

Native people should actively shape decisions and policies that affect their communities instead of leaving those decisions to others. This connects to civic engagement through voting, organizing, speaking up, and holding leaders accountable

American Indian Movement

People sought Native rights, self-determination, and an end to discrimination. They organized protests and direct actions to draw attention to treaty violations and the treatment of Native communities.

Dakota Access Pipeline resistance

The Standing Rock Sioux and their supporters sought to protect water, sacred sites, and tribal sovereignty. They organized protests and camped near the pipeline route to oppose its construction.

Resist Line 3 (oil pipeline in Minnesota, protest, protect sacred site, land and water)

Native-led resistance movement against the Line 3 oil pipeline in Minnesota. People sought to protect Indigenous treaty rights, sacred sites, and the land and water from possible oil spills. They organized protests, prayer gatherings, and camps along the pipeline route to oppose construction.

Trace key moments of resistance throughout Asian American history.

Asian American resistance evolved through different generations and movements. Activists fought against racial discrimination, immigration restrictions, labor exploitation, educational inequality, war, displacement, and anti-Asian violence.

When does ASAM resistance begin?

late 1800s. For example, Wong Chin Foo resisted anti-Chinese discrimination from 1873 to 1898. Tape v. Hurley in 1885 and the Ghadar Party's founding in 1913.

when or where do yellow peril stereotypes emerge

issues of labor, white laborers feeling as if their jobs are threatened.

Larry Itliong's role in agricultural labor organizing and cross-racial solidarity

Larry Itliong organized Filipino farmworkers during the 1965 Delano Grape Strike against low wages and poor working conditions. His leadership helped create cross-racial solidarity between Filipino and Mexican farmworkers, ultimately strengthening the agricultural labor movement.

Persistence of orientalist skewed perception of the world and yellow peril stereotypes about Asians and Asian American food today

Orientalism continues to portray Asian cultures as exotic, strange, and inferior compared with Western culture. Yellow Peril stereotypes portray Asians as foreign or threatening to Western society. These stereotypes also affect how Asian American food is viewed. For example, during COVID-19, anti-Asian sentiment contributed to decreased visits to Asian restaurants. People also racialize Asian Americans by associating their identities primarily with the food they eat, such as asking stereotypical questions like "Do you eat dogs?" However, Asian American communities also use food to preserve their cultural heritage and resist stereotypes, as demonstrated by the development of SPAM musubi in Hawaii.

Influence of US imperialism/militarism in Pacific Ocean and Asia on the globalization and glocalization of SPAM

U.S. militarism helped spread SPAM throughout the Pacific, but Asian and Pacific communities transformed it through their own cultural traditions. This is an example of globalization and glocalization.

Vincent Chen significance

Two white autoworkers, Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz, harassed Chin inside a bar. Mistaking Chin for Japanese and expressing anger over job losses in the U.S. auto industry due to foreign competition, they chased him down and fatally beat him with a baseball bat. Chin died of his injuries four days later on June 23, 1982. Many other Chinese-Americans rallied due to his death, starting a movement

How highly preserved foods become a form of survival, a preservation of a people

Highly preserved foods can help people survive difficult conditions while allowing them to maintain and adapt their cultural traditions. Food becomes a form of both physical survival and cultural preservation.

How do US imperialism and forced migrations make "preservation" and "persistence" a more significant concern for Pasifika health (Guam)?

U.S. imperialism and forced migration disrupted traditional food systems and introduced foreign foods, making it important for Pasifika communities to preserve their cultural food traditions and maintain their identities.

Main purpose of the study and support of the researchers' 4 hypotheses regarding the role that COVID-19 racial rhetoric had in reactivating anti-Asian hate.

COVID-19 did not create anti-Asian racism from nothing. It activated existing prejudice, which affected Asian restaurants and their customers.

1. Other Asian restaurants will be negatively affected at the early onset of COVID-19 in the United States

2. Republicans, whose party leaders and media outlets engaged in anti-Asian-cuing behaviour, should be more likely to respond with consumer discrimination against Chinese and Asian restaurants

3. Trump voters who are more exposed to anti-China rhetoric from Republican-leaning news outlets will exhibit decreased differentiation between Asian ethnic groups and thereby increased chances of misidentification.

4. Trump voters were more likely to misidentify non-Chinese Asian restaurants.

Why do we call it The American war in vietnam

The US intervention aimed to "prevent the spread of communism," like it tried to do in Korea -it was another strategic iteration of US imperialism (an extension of orientalism), to "save" countries in Asia bcaucause Asia cannot save itself

"An Alimentary Introduction": Main purpose of anthology

Examines how Asian American identity became connected to food through history, power, immigration, and racialization.

- Shows that the association between Asian Americans and food is not natural or accidental; it was shaped by discriminatory laws, labor systems, and immigration patterns.

"An Alimentary Introduction": Key take-aways on the intersection of Asian Americanness, food, and racialization

- Many Asian immigrants were pushed into agricultural labor, restaurants, and food-service work.

- Food can become a way people stereotype or judge Asian communities.

- Defining people mainly by what they eat can reinforce racial stereotypes and make their cultures seem foreign or "different."

Analysis of Alan Konishi's (2006) Yellow Peril sculptures

How art becomes a cultural medium to illustrate the US imperial globalization of SPAM musubi as well as its glocalization

Alan Konishi used art to show how food represents Japanese American identity, cultural pride, and resistance to assimilation.

Consideration of the colonial health impacts of SPAM in Guam in the assigned viewing: AJ+, "Decolonizing Guam's Diet: Why SPAM Is So Popular In Guam?"

U.S. colonial influence made processed foods like SPAM more common in Guam. Eating more processed foods is connected to health problems like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

How is Guam's food culture impacted by militarization and imperialism during and after World War II?

U.S. militarization during and after WWII introduced SPAM to Guam as an affordable, long-lasting military food supply. Continued U.S. influence made processed and imported foods part of everyday life. Chamorro people adapted SPAM into their traditional food culture, making it a popular local staple.

"Muscular Christianity" & Filipino nationhood

Legacies of colonial gendering and subjugation in post-colonial sporting cultures: embodiment of masculinity, Christianity, and nationhood in Filipino sport figures like Manny Pacquia

Imperialism

when a powerful country takes control of other lands, countries, or peoples to grow its own power, wealth, and size

Glocalization

position of SPAM became distributed all around and 'cheap,' took the product and completely made it their own

When was the Asian American Political Alliance founded?

1968

Where was the Asian American Political Alliance founded?

UC Berkeley

Who established the Asian American Political Alliance?

Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee

What term did the Asian American Political Alliance coin?

Asian American

What term did the Asian American Political Alliance reject?

Oriental

What did the Asian American Political Alliance aim to unite?

Diverse Asian communities (Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, etc.)

What issues did the Asian American Political Alliance address?

Systemic racism and lack of representation

With which movements did the Asian American Political Alliance build solidarity?

Black Power and anti-war movements

What key role did the Asian American Political Alliance play?

In the Third World Liberation Front

What academic field did the Asian American Political Alliance help establish?

Asian American Studies

What did the Asian American Political Alliance expand in terms of advocacy?

Civil rights advocacy

Karenga Definition of Culture

the totality of thought and practice by which a people creates itself, celebrates, sustains and develops itself and introduces itself to history and humanity

Amos Definition of Culture

Culture is essentially a way of thinking, perceiving, evaluating, and interpreting the world; a way of relating to others and to the physical-metaphysical world, and involves and explicit and implicit set of rules of conduct which orders the overall social relations, arrangements and attitudes of a society" Set of designs

Black Freedom Movement and Black Culture:

The question of culture was raised during the 1920s (Harlem Renaissance).

The increased concern with culture was seen in the 1960s (Black Freedom Movement)

Black Studies and the Connection Culture

culture was a part of the push for black and ethnic studies.

Black Cultural Revolution of the 1960s:

Reaffirmed the beauty and integrity of Black culture and its difference from white culture, in terms of life goals, world view, values, and the need to draw on "African and mass sources to recreate and revitalize culture to use as a weapon in Black struggle"

Deficiency Paradigm

• Blacks have no culture

• Black culture was destroyed during the Holocaust of enslavement

• Black culture is a copy of white culture

• a duplication or expression of lower-class culture

• The Black person is "an exaggerated American" (Myrdal)

• Black people "cannot view themselves as other ethnic groups who have a culture"

• A Black person is "only American and nothing else. He has no values and culture to guard and protect" (Glazer and Moynihan)

Harold Cruse and the Crusian Paradigm

Group identity in America defines one's life chances and possibilities

• "Cultural oppression is tightly interlocked with political and economic oppression"

• Although culture may be seen as central, the three factors (culture, politics and economics) must be connected

Cultural Hegemony

cultural struggle and cultural recovery and reconstruction. by force or force of ideas

Europeanization of Black (African) Culture

• religious practices

• The progressive criticism/condemnation of self and culture using European standards (both conscious and unconscious)

• The progressive adoption of a Eurocentric view of self and the world

Seven Basic (or Core) areas of Black culture

• Spirituality and ethics

• History

• Social organization

• Economic organization

• Political organization

• Creative production

• Ethos

Eight Precepts of Black Culture (Wade Nobles)

1. Consubstantiation (Oneness)

2. Interdependence

3. Egalitarianism

4. Collectivism

5. Transformation

6. Cooperation

7. Humanness

8. Synergism

Consubstantiation (Oneness)

All elements of the universe are of one substance (Spirit)

Interdependence

Everything in the universe is connected and interdependent upon and with one another

Egalitarianism

The correct relationship between people is one of harmony and balance

Collectivism

Individual effort is a reflection of (or instrument of) communal or collective survival. Whatever happens to the individual happens to the group - Whatever happens to the group happens to the individual

Transformation

Everything has the potential to function at a continually higher level

Cooperation

The optimal way of functioning is with mutual respect and encouragement. Harmonious balance

Humanness

The African view of the world being alive. Vitality grounded in goodness

Synergism

The outcome of cooperative effort will be greater than the outcome of individual effort

Nine Recurring Themes in African American Culture (Wade Nobles)

1. Spirituality

2. Resilience

3. Humanism

4. Communalism

5. Orality and Verbal Expressiveness

6. Personal Style and Uniqueness

7. Realness

8. Emotional Vitality

9. Musicality, Rhythm

Cultural Revolution AFRS

the ideological and practical struggle) is needed to:

• rescue and reconstruct African culture,

• break the cultural hegemony of the oppressor over the people,

• transform persons so that they become self-conscious agents of their own liberation, and

• aid in the preparation and support of the larger struggle for liberation and a higher level of human life" (Karenga 2010: 261- 262).

Civics: Definition

a social science that studies the rights and responsibilities of citizens

African American Elders and Civic Engagement

Legacy of civic engagement is based on a history of self-reliance and integration of a lifetime of hard work into leisure experiences and service to others"

Ancient practice

Mutual Aid, Community Uplift, Civic Engagement

African Americans have a long history and legacy with both political and social engagement.

• For Black elders, it is often invisible work in that it is often overlooked

• Social engagement has garnered more attention from scholars and researchers than political engagement

Mutual Beneficence and Collectivity (Collectivism)

a form of social engagement can be traced to the African tradition of collectivity

Forms of Mutual Beneficence

NAACP

National urban league

Benevolent Organizations

Eastern Star

• Masons

• Grand United Order of Salem

• Elks

• Dominated by elders, who receive social support and provide social services

• Some aspects have changed as the communities become better educated, moved away from agrarian (farming) environments to cities, economic gains, shifts in social and political power

African American Civic Engagement and Practices

• Mutual aid

• Racial uplift

• Social debt

• All inspired by religious devotion and the need for group survival

• Womanist theology: The term, "womanist" is founded in the African American cultural expression, "womanish" - a rejection of the term "feminist" - womanism is seen as "God's will"

• "Older African Americans have a higher rate of organizational membership than that of their white counterparts" especially in church- related groups

A New Generation of Civic Engagement

Tatiyana Benson argues that meaningful civic engagement requires more than voting: people must actively support their communities, demand genuine political representation, hold elected officials accountable, question the structures that perpetuate racial inequality, and persist in the struggle for change.

Africana Studies Student Association (see ASSA Slides for AFRS 319)

We aim to create an environment on campus that will strengthen unity on and off campus. It is our commitment to:

Promote, inform, unite, uplift, respect, motivate, and encourage mutually beneficial communication between ASSA members and Africana Studies Department faculty;

Promote ethical leadership and academic achievement, and cultivate civic responsibility;

Provide CSULB students opportunities for association and interaction with the administration of CSULB and with members of the community.

• ground culture

• academic excellence

The Category Black

A Self-Conscious and Special Way of being African and Human in the World

Blackness

Defined in the process of a varied, complex, deep, dignity-affirming liberation struggle

• Expressed as an aesthetic observation - "Black is beautiful"

• Expressed as a defiant declaration - "I'm Black and I'm proud"

• Expressed as a prophecy and practice of freedom - "Liberation is coming from a Black thing"

• Think Black – think relational about others

• Talk Black – speak truth and good to the people

• Act Black – be aware, audacious and engaged in love and struggle

• Create Black – create good in the world, beauty possibility, promise

• Buy Black – support community economic efforts and interests

• Vote Black – vote in the interests of our people with concern for the effects on others

• Live Black – live righteously, caring and committed, in reciprocal relationships, respect, peace, justice and in the interest of the well-being of all

Soul

A defining Black character trait and spirit

• A standard of excellence attached to everything that Black people did well

• "Soul food, soul music, soul moves, soul beat and Soul Train, soul preaching and soul teaching, soul brother, soul sister, soul man, soul woman, and soul people"

• Black people are "a self-defined and self-conscious people - a people of creativity, sensitivity, and improvisation.

• Soul is not a concept of racial superiority. It is a "valued category of distinction of culture and peoplehood" and a proof of the capacity of Black people to create spaces of freedom even in the midst of struggle.

Black Identity

"Being Black is more than Color. A Black identity is a self and collectively conscious effort for people of African descent to be self-naming and self-defining in route to increasing the human respect and dignity of African people and their descendants. ThOther proper nouns, give them their respect and dignity by capitalizing the 'B'.

What events mark the start of the movement?

The march to Sacramento organized by Cesar Chavez - fighting for the rights of the farmers (UFW). March 17 to April 10, 1966 -

Conference La Raza had in San Antonio, Texas: 1977 conference in response to Jimmy Carter’s immigration reform, which ignores labor and human rights violations, attracting over 2k activists.

What were some of the traits of the movement?

Cultural pride, political activism, self-determination, educational reform, women's participation, Indigenous heritage. Walk-out, art, visual icons

What visual icons did the movement use to advance its identity, solidarity, and message?

Aztec Eagle, Virgen de Guadalupe, Aztlán, and Mesoamerican imagery.

What contributions did youth activists advance during the movement?

Organizing school walkouts, demanding educational reform, promoting cultural pride, and fighting racial discrimination.

What was the goal of El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán?

Promoted Chicano identity, Indigenous heritage, cultural pride, unity, and self-determination, more land. (Identity)

What was the goal of El Plan de Santa Barbara?

To implement more Chicano Studies programs in universities in california. (Education)

What visual icons did the various youth activist projects use to advance their respective identity, solidarity, and message?

Aztec Eagle, Virgen de Guadalupe, Aztlán, and Mesoamerican imagery to promote Chicano identity, cultural pride, and solidarity.

The brown berets, flags

How did Chicano and Latino activists repurpose Mexica (Aztecan) belief systems to cultivate advocacy Cultures of Struggle?

Taking history from Mexican culture and history. AZTEC BELIEF. Chicano activists repurposed Mexica/Aztecan beliefs to create a culture of struggle that emphasized resistance, cultural pride, unity, and renewal. They used Indigenous traditions to understand life's hardships as ongoing struggles and encouraged their communities to regain balance and continue fighting for equality.

Explain Mexica (Aztecan) understandings of earthquakes (ollin) as a consistency in life.

Ollin = The struggle. Life is constantly changing, and hardships are unavoidable.

Explain Mexica (Aztecan) call for regaining balance within the earthquakes of life (nepantla).

Nepantla = Finding balance. Learning to regain balance while experiencing struggles.

Renewal = Recovery. Becoming stronger and rebuilding after hardships.

How was art used to teach cultural histories?

Educate people about Indigenous roots and connect past struggles to present struggles. Time is cyclical, cultural symbols, remebering where they came from, ancestors.

How was art used to shape cultural identities?

Create pride in Chicana/o identity, heritage, and culture.

How was art used to mobilize and unite communities to advance activism?

Use shared symbols to build solidarity and encourage activism; bringing community together with positivity in the face of negativity, recognizing your past and ancestors

What messages did posters advance?

posters helped communicate the movement's messages, build solidarity, and promote Chicanismo (a set of beliefs and, more importantly, to a political practice). Questioning when someone calls a Latino an "illegal"

English messages

educated Mexican American communities about the movement and its goals.

Spanish messages

helped strengthen community solidarity and communicate shared political and cultural beliefs.

What was the outcomes of films used by Chicanas/os?

Films allowed Chicanas/os to educate their communities, spread awareness, and promote social change. They also created opportunities for minority students to receive film-industry training. Stand and Deliver

Solidarity in a New Era (2024) documentary

The documentary highlights Latino contributions and activism, including the UFW and the East L.A. walkouts

Solidarity in a New Era (2024) documentary: Motive of Latino students fighting for rights (during East LA walkouts)

to demand Chicano Power and self-determination. Their protests brought national attention to their cause and helped establish the Chicano student movement.

Solidarity in a New Era (2024) documentary: Consequences of assimilation

Assimilation encouraged Mexican Americans to fit into mainstream American society, sometimes at the expense of their cultural identity. Younger activists rejected assimilation and embraced their Indigenous and mestizo heritage, creating a stronger sense of cultural pride and identity.

Solidarity in a New Era (2024) documentary: Aftermath of Cesar Chavez accusations

(He SA underage kids, women, and Dolores Huerta). The UFW withdrew from César Chávez Day commemorations, some events were canceled, and organizations took steps to support possible survivors. The controversy also raised questions about how to recognize the achievements of the farmworker movement while acknowledging allegations of abuse against its former leader.

What visuals did the United Farm Workers (UFW) adopt?

Aztec Eagle as an ancient Indigenous symbol and the Virgen de Guadalupe as a religious symbol.

Ancient symbols - Aztec Eagle

Religious figures - Virgen de Guadalupe