History and Systems Exam 1

Chapter 1 - 4

The skeptics suggested that by ________, one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.

not believing in anything

Who preferred naturalistic explanations to natural ones and earned the title, “Destroyer of Religion

Epicurus

According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by:

a purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination

Large due to this man’s efforts, Christianity was defined by a single set of beliefs and documents

Constantine

According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:

of the remnants of sensory experiences

According to Avicenna, the active intellect was:

the mechanisms by which humans enter a relationship with God.

The attempt to synthesize Aristotle philosophy and Christian theology is referred to as:

Scholasticism

The belief that abstract universes (essences) exists and the empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:

realism

Abelard’s proposed compromise between nominalism and realism is called:

understandism

Who was one of the first Western philosophers to make a comprehensive review of both Aristotle’s work and the Islam’s

Magnus

According to Aquinas, predestination maintains that:

God has preordained which people will be granted salvation

During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being _______-centered, to ________-centered

God; human

How did the Renaissance humanists want religion to change?

They wanted religion to be more personal and less formal

How did Renaissance humanists see Aristotle’s Philosophy?

They thought the church had embraced Aristotle’s philosophy too much

For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism?

Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy

Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:

Montaigne

Both Bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that:

was impervious to the doubts of the Skeptics

According to Clements (1967), which Renaissance humanist is correctly paired with their area of great interest

Machiavelli and medicine

According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory:

is likely to bias one’s observatiosn

What famous Psychologist later adopted Bacon’s approach to science?

Skinner

How did the church react to Descartes’s writing?

It banned his books

What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years?

historical development approach

A researcher notices that there is a relationship between stress and sleep such that as stress increases, sleep decreases, but the researcher doesn’t know if lack of sleep causes more stress or if higher stress levels cause people to sleep less. The relationship the researcher identified can best be described as a ______.

Correlation law

A clinical psychologist has determined that if a patient takes a particular drug, then the patient will cease having a particular troubling symptom. This psychologist has identified a _________.

causal law

According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists called:

a paradigm

Who is more likely to support the statement, “Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior.”

a biological determinist

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately know would be a(n):

indeterminist

Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents:

Epiphenomenalism

If you’re a monist with regard to the mind-body question, which of the following does your position most likely represent?

materialism

Yuki believes that living things contain a vital force that does not exist in inanimate objects, and living things can never be reduced down to mechanical laws. Which school of thought best reflects Yuki’s ideas.

Vitalism

Which school of psychology most strongly believes that we can learn a lot about ourselves by studying nonhuman animals?

behaviorists

Which school of thought contends that there are no general laws that govern everything in the universe, or if there are, they can never be known?

relativism

Pythagoras and his followers applied ________ to almost every aspect of human existence.

mathematical principles

The early physician, Alcmaeon, propose:

that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body

The “cures” proposed by the Hippocratics included:

rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths

Which statement best represents the beliefs of Gorgias?

There is no objective way to determining truth

For Socrates, essences were:

Verbal definitions

According to Plato’s reminiscence theory of knowledge, all knowledge is:

innate

According to Plato, the supreme goal in life should be to:

free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh

According to Aristotle, _______ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experience and ________ involves an actual mental search for a past experience

remembering; recall

The law of __________ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it.

contiguity

What aspect of Aristotle’s philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning?

The laws of association