ap world rulers of russia and france

Ivan the Terrible

First czar of Russia in 1533; known for struggles with boyars and terror.

Boyars

Russian landowning nobles who struggled for power with Ivan the Terrible.

Michael Romanov

Became czar in 1613, starting the Romanov dynasty after a period of turmoil.

Peter the Great

Czar of Russia in 1696 who initiated major reforms to westernize Russia.

Westernization

Peter the Great's goal of using western Europe as a model for change.

St. Petersburg

New seaport and capital city built by Peter the Great on the Baltic Sea.

Henry of Navarre

French Huguenot who ascended the throne in 1589 and issued the Edict of Nantes.

Edict of Nantes

A declaration of religious toleration issued by Henry of Navarre.

Cardinal Richelieu

Minister who ruled France for Louis XIII, increasing Bourbon power.

Skepticism

The philosophical idea that nothing can be known for certain.

Louis XIV

The Sun King and most powerful monarch in French history.

Intendants

Government agents appointed by Louis XIV to collect taxes.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's finance minister who promoted economic growth through mercantilism.

Palace of Versailles

Magnificent palace built by Louis XIV to control nobility and glorify rule.

War of Spanish Succession

War starting in 1701 to prevent union of French and Spanish thrones.