lecture 1 (bio)

Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and physical relationships among body parts, whereas physiology is the study of how those structures function and perform vital biological processes.

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

The concept that functional activities are dictated by physical structure; a biological structure's specific shape, composition, and location determine what functions it can perform.

Evaluation of whether a computer is alive using biological characteristics

A computer is non-living because it lacks cellular organization, metabolic energy production, autonomous growth, independent biological reproduction, and intrinsic homeostasis, even though it can process information and consume electricity.

Hierarchical order of life from simplest to most complex

Chemical level (atoms and molecules) $\rightarrow$ Cellular level $\rightarrow$ Tissue level $\rightarrow$ Organ level $\rightarrow$ Organ system level $\rightarrow$ Organismal level.

Five essential survival needs required to sustain human life

Nutrients (chemical substances for energy and cell building), Oxygen (required for cellular respiration and ATP production), Water (solvent base for metabolic reactions), Normal body temperature (maintains enzymatic activity around $37^\circ\text{C}$), and Atmospheric pressure (ensures proper gas exchange in lungs).

Standard Anatomical Position

A standardized reference posture where the body stands upright, feet parallel and flat on the floor, head pointing forward, and upper limbs hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.

Orientation of palms, face, and feet in standard anatomical position

The face, palms, and toes all direct anteriorly (forward).

Three common anatomical body positions (Standing, Lying face up, Lying face down)

Anatomical position (standing erect), Supine position (lying flat on the back facing upward), and Prone position (lying flat on the stomach facing downward).

Directional term: Relationship of the fingers to the elbow

The fingers are distal to the elbow (farther from the trunk/point of attachment).

Directional term: Relationship of the heart to the lungs, ribs, and vertebral column

The heart is medial to the lungs, posterior (deep) to the ribs/sternum, and anterior to the vertebral column.

Two major closed body cavities and their dividing boundary

The Dorsal body cavity (cranial and spinal) and Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic), which are structurally separated by the skull/vertebrae dorsally and the diaphragm ventrally.

Subdivisions and contents of the Dorsal Body Cavity

Contains the Cranial cavity (housing the brain) and the Vertebral/Spinal cavity (housing the spinal cord).

Subdivisions and contents of the Ventral Body Cavity

Divided into the Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) and Abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, liver, intestines, urinary bladder, reproductive organs) separated by the diaphragm.

Three primary anatomical sectioning planes

Mid-sagittal plane (divides body into equal right and left halves), Frontal/Coronal plane (divides body into anterior and posterior portions), and Transverse/Horizontal plane (divides body into superior and inferior portions).

Directional relationship between the olecranal region and the palm

The olecranal region (posterior elbow) is proximal, superior, and posterior relative to the palm (palmar region).

Anatomical region: Antecubital region

The anterior surface of the elbow (inner elbow crease).

Anatomical region: Area just distal to the acromial region

The upper lateral arm / deltoid region of the shoulder.

Anatomical region: Gluteal region

The posterior aspect of the pelvis / buttocks.

Anatomical region: Carpal region

The wrist joint.