Renaissance, Reformation & Exploration: Key Terms, People, and Review
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47 Terms
What is a Patron?
A wealthy person who supports the arts or an artist.
What is a Tithe?
10% of a person's income given to the Catholic Church.
What were the Crusades?
Military campaigns supported by the Catholic Church to remove Muslims from the Holy Land.
What is Romanesque architecture?
Architecture with rounded arches, thick stone walls, and few windows.
What is Gothic architecture?
Architecture with narrow arches, stained-glass windows, and flying buttresses.
What are Illuminated Manuscripts?
Handwritten books, usually religious, with decorated pages.
What is Feudalism?
A land ownership system where aristocrats owned land and serfs worked the land.
Who is Johann Gutenberg?
Credited with inventing the movable-type printing press.
What is Humanism?
A Renaissance movement focused on grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history.
What is Christian Humanism?
Combined classical learning and individualism to reform the Catholic Church.
What is Individualism?
Being independent and self-reliant; believing in hard work and individual achievement.
What is an Indulgence?
A document sold by the Church that released a person from some or all punishment for sin.
What is Lutheranism?
The first Protestant faith; teaches salvation comes through faith alone, not good works.
Who are Protestants?
Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches.
What does Renaissance mean?
Means rebirth; a movement beginning in Italy that increased creativity in art, writing, and thought.
What is the Reformation?
A movement for religious reform.
What does Secular mean?
Not religious; less focused on religion.
What is Anglicanism?
The Protestant Church of England created under King Henry VIII.
What is a Colony?
A settlement in a new territory connected to a parent country through trade and government control.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic after 1492.
What is a Conquistador?
A Spanish explorer and soldier who helped conquer the Americas.
What is the Triangular Trade Route?
A trade network across the Atlantic between Europe, Africa, and Colonial America.
What is the Middle Passage?
The forced transportation of enslaved Africans from West Africa to Colonial America.
What is the Encomienda System?
Spanish colonial system that rewarded explorers with land and the labor of people living there.
What is a Creole?
Spanish people born in the colonies whose parents were both born in Spain.
What is a Peninsulare?
Spanish citizens living in the colonies who were born in Spain.
What is a Mestizo?
A person born in the colonies with one Spanish parent and one Native American parent.
Where was the birthplace of the Renaissance?
Italy.
What country first developed movable type?
China.
What did Martin Luther publish to challenge the Catholic Church?
The 95 Theses.
What are three major branches of Protestantism?
Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism.
Why did King Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church?
He wanted to annul his marriage, but the Pope would not approve it.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after 1492.
Why did Europeans establish colonies?
To expand their control, gain resources, and create settlements in new territories.
What was the legacy of Christopher Columbus?
Increased contact between Europe and the Americas, but also contributed to colonization and mistreatment of Indigenous people.
What was the Italian Renaissance?
A rebirth of art, writing, and learning that began in Italy.
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A movement for religious reform that challenged the Catholic Church.
What is the location of England?
Island northwest of mainland Europe.
What is the location of France?
Western Europe.
What is the location of the Netherlands?
Northwestern Europe.
What is the location of Spain?
Southwestern Europe.
What is the location of Portugal?
Western side of the Iberian Peninsula.
What is the location of Mexico?
Southern part of North America.
What is the location of Brazil?
Eastern South America.
What is the location of Peru?
Western South America.
What is the location of the Atlantic Ocean?
Between the Americas and Europe/Africa.
What is the location of the Caribbean Sea?
Between Central America and the Caribbean islands.