CMP Gram Staining and KOH

How quickly are Gram stain results potentially available?

Within minutes

The Gram stain is helpful in identifying organisms found in what types of infections?

1) Skin 2) Mucosal 3) Wound 4) Urine 5) Sputum 6) Stool infections

How many steps are there in a Gram stain?

4

What arrangement is characteristic of Staphylococci?

Clusters

What arrangement is characteristic of Streptococci?

Chains or Pairs

What is an example of a Gram-positive Cocci in Clusters?

*Staph Aureus* is found in ___

What is an example of a Gram-negative Cocci?

*Neisseria Gonorrhoeae* (diplococci)

What is an example of a Gram-negative Rod?

*Escherichia Coli*

What is an example of a Gram-positive Cocci in chains?

*Strep Pyogenes* (Group A Strep)

What diseases are associated with *Staphylococcus aureus*?

1) Food poisoning 2) Toxic shock 3) Staph scalded skin

What diseases are associated with *Staphylococcus epidermidis*?

1) Osteomyelitis 2) Coagulase-negative infections

What disease is associated with *Staphylococcus saprophyticus*?

UTI

What diseases are associated with *Streptococcus pyogenes*?

1) Pharyngitis 2) Pneumonia 3) Otitis media 4) TSS

What diseases are associated with *Streptococcus pneumoniae*?

1) Pneumonia 2) Otitis media

What disease is associated with Group B Streptococcus (*agalactiae*)?

Neonatal sepsis

What disease is associated with *Streptococcus viridens*?

Endocarditis

What diseases are associated with Group D Streptococcus?

1) Endocarditis 2) UTI

What diseases are associated with *Neisseria meningitidis*?

1) Upper respiratory tract infection 2) Meningococcemia

What diseases are associated with *Neisseria gonorrhea*?

1) STD 2) Fitz-Hugh-Curtis (FHC) syndrome (extra pelvic manifestation of PID)

What is *Moraxella catarrhalis* a common cause of?

URI's

What are the routes of transmission for *Bacillus anthracis*?

1) Cutaneous contact 2) Inhaled 3) GI ingestion

*Bacillus anthracis* can cause what serious infection?

Meningitis

*Bacillus anthracis* is what type of bacteria in terms of oxygen requirement?

Aerobe

What type of bacteria are Clostridia in terms of oxygen requirement?

Anaerobe

What disease is caused by *Clostridia tetani*?

Lockjaw

What disease is caused by *Clostridia botulinium*?

Food poisoning

What disease is caused by *Clostridia difficile*?

Colitis

What diseases are caused by *Clostridia perfringens*?

1) Contaminated canned foods 2) Tissue gas gangrene

What disease is caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheria*?

URI with throat "membrane"

What diseases are associated with *Listeria monocytogenes* (Listeriosis)?

1) Septicemia 2) Meningitis 3) Encephalitis 4) Intrauterine/cervical infections in pregnant women, which may result in spontaneous abortion

*Pseudomonads* are known as what type of pathogen?

Opportunistic pathogen that infects any compromised tissue

*Pseudomonads* are associated with what type of infections?

Serious nosocomial infections

What disease is caused by *Bordetella pertussis*?

Whooping cough

What is another name for Brucellosis caused by *Brucella*?

Undulant fever

What is the nature of Brucellosis?

Highly contagious zoonosis

What is the common name for the disease caused by *Francisella* (Tularemia)?

"Rabbit fever"

What disease is caused by *Legionella*?

Legionnaires' disease

What are the two types of *Escherichia Coli* listed under Enterobacteriaceae that cause diarrhea?

1) Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) 2) Enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC)

What symptoms are associated with *Shigella*?

1) Diarrhea 2) Rectal urgency

*Salmonella* causes what type of infection?

Foodborne intestinal infection

What disease is caused by *Yersinia pestis*?

Bubonic plague

What disease is caused by *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis*?

Mesenteric adenitis

What disease is caused by *Yersinia enterocolitica*?

Enterocolitis

*Klebsiella* is a cause of pneumonia often seen in what patient population?

Alcoholics

What disease is caused by *Salmonella typhi*?

Typhoid fever

What symptoms are associated with *Vibrio cholerae* ("Cholera")?

1) Profuse watery diarrhea 2) Vomiting 3) Leg cramps

What is the source of *Vibrio cholerae* infection?

Contaminated food or water

*Pasteurella multocida* infection results from what animal exposure?

Cat/dog bite

What are the specific diseases caused by *Chlamydia trachomatis*?

1) STD 2) Perinatal infections

What disease is caused by *Chlamydia psittaci* and what is the source?

Pneumonia, from birds

What infection is caused by *Chlamydia pneumonia*?

Acute URI

What disease is caused by *Rickettsia rickettsii*?

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

What disease is caused by *Rickettsia akari* and what is the vector?

Rickettsialpox, vector is mouse mite

What disease is caused by *Rickettsia typhi* and what is the characteristic symptom?

Murine typhus, multiorgan Vasculitis

What disease is caused by *Coxiella burnetii* (Q fever) and what is the source?

Zoonosis from livestock tick

What disease is caused by *Ehrlichia sennetsu* and what is the vector?

Human Ehrlichosis, tick vector

What disease is caused by *Ehrlichia canis* and what is the vector?

Dog Ehrlichosis, tick vector

What disease is caused by *Bartonella henselae*?

Cat scratch fever

What are the characteristics of *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*?

1) Airborne transmission 2) Pulmonary & extrapulmonary manifestations 3) Screening with PPD test

What is another name for the disease caused by *Mycobacterium leprae* and how is it spread?

Leprosy, also known as Hanson's Disease, spread by skin contact

*Mycobacterium leprae* causes what symptom?

Disfigurement

What are the characteristics of *Bacteroides fragilis*?

1) Normal flora of mucous membranes & GI tract 2) Common cause of endogenous infections 3) Common cause of abdominal infections 4) Can occur in almost any body site

What types of infections are associated with *Haemophilus influenza*?

1) Hib infections 2) Many mucosal infections especially in kids

*Helicobacter pylori* is associated with what condition?

Peptic ulcers

*Helicobacter pylori* is classified as what in terms of oxygen requirement?

Microaerophilic

What is *Campylobacter jejuni* known for causing?

Most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in US

What is the source of *Campylobacter jejuni*?

Foodborne

*Campylobacter jejuni* is classified as what in terms of oxygen requirement?

Microaerophilic

What are the characteristics of *Acinetobacter*?

1) Strictly aerobic 2) Generally nonpathogenic to healthy individuals 3) Nosocomial infection in immune-compromised

What are the characteristics of *Mycoplasma pneumoniae*?

1) Pleomorphic 2) Lacks a cell wall 3) Causes "atypical" or "walking" pneumonia (community acquired pneumonia) with paroxysmal cough

What infection is caused by *Mycoplasma homini*?

Urogenital infections

What infection is caused by *Ureaplasma urealyticum*?

Opportunistic urogenital infections

What disease is caused by *Treponema pallidum*?

Syphilis

What disease is caused by *Treponema pertenue*?

Tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints called Yaws

What disease is caused by *Borrelia burgdorferi* and what is the vector?

Lyme disease, tick vector

What disease is caused by *Borrelia recurrentis*?

Relapsing fever

What is another name for Leptospirosis

caused by *Leptospira*?, Weil's disease

How is Leptospirosis transmitted?

Skin contact with water contaminated by animal urine

What category of bacteria are *Chlamydia*

*Rickettsia*, *Coxiella burnetii*, *Ehrlichia*, and *Bartonella henselae*?, Obligate Intracellular

What category of bacteria are *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* and *M. leprae*?

Acid Fast

What category of bacteria is *Mycoplasma* species?

Lacks a cell wall

What category of bacteria are *Treponema*

*Borrelia*, and *Leptospira*?, Spirochetes

What pneumonic can be used to remember bacteria that stain Gram-Positive (Violet)?

Smart Students Easily and Creatively Learn Bacteria Color

What bacteria are covered by the pneumonic SMART STUDENTS EASILY AND CREATIVELY LEARN BACTERIA COLOR?

1) Streptococci 2) Staphylococci 3) Enterococcus 4) Actinomyces 5) Clostridium 6) Listeria 7) Bacillus 8) Coryne & Cutibacterium

What is the skin's primary role against bacteria?

Body's 1st barrier against bacteria

What are the most common bacterial skin infections seen in a primary care office?

1) Cellulitis 2) Folliculitis 3) Impetigo 4) Skin abscess

What bacteria species make up the normal skin flora?

1) *Staphylococcus species* (*epidermidis/aureus*) 2) *Corynebacterium* (several species) 3) *Streptococci* (several species) 4) *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* 5) *Cutibacterium*

What is *Cutibacterium* a major contributor of?

Acne

What is the main requirement for a bacterial skin infection to develop in the skin?

A break in the skin

What are predisposing conditions for bacterial skin infections?

1) Diabetes (poor blood flow to the skin) 2) Immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS/Medications) 3) Poor circulation 4) Damage caused by sunburn, scratching, dry skin, thin skin (elderly)

What is the most common pathogen for Acute bacterial Pharyngitis?

Group A β-hemolytic *Streptococcus pyogenes* (GAS)

What is the most common pathogen for Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

*Streptococcus pneumoniae*

What is the most common pathogen for Cellulitis & Erysipelas?

Group A Strep

What is the most common pathogen for Erythrasma and what is its shape?

*Corynebacterium minutissimum* (rod)

What is the most common pathogen for Otitis externa and what is its shape?

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* (rod)

What is the most common pathogen for Chancroid and what is its shape?

*Haemophilus ducreyi* (rod)

What is the most common pathogen for an infected cat/dog bite and what is its shape?

*Pasteurella multocida* (coccobacilli)

What is the most common pathogen for Cat scratch fever and what is its shape?

*Bartonella henselae* (rod)

What pathogens are associated with saltwater wound contamination?

1) *Mycobacterium marinum* (acid fast) 2) *Vibrio vulnificus* (rod) (warm salt water)

What is the most common pathogen for Lyme Disease and what is its shape?

*Borrelia burgdorferi* (spirochete)