Ch. 10 The Respiratory System - Pulmonology

Main function of the respiratory system

bring oxygen to the blood and take carbon dioxide out of it

adenoid/o

meaning adenoids (lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx)

• adenoidectomy - removal

• adenoiditis - inflammation

tonsill/o

meaning tonsil (lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx)

• tonsillectomy - removal

• tonsillitis - inflammation

Nas/o, rhin/o

meaning nose

• nasogastric tube - tube that is placed in the nose to the stomach

• nasendoscope - device to view the inside of the nose

• rhinorrhea - discharge from the nose

• rhinoplasty - reconstruction

laryng/o

meaning larynx (voice box)

• laryngospasm - sudden closure of the larynx

• laryngitis - inflammation

• laryngoplasty - surgical repair of the larynx

• laryngectomy - surgical removal

pharyng/o

meaning throat (upper)

• pharyngitis - inflammation

• pharyngostenosis - narrowing

trache/o

meaning trachae (windpipe)

• tracheotomy - incision

• tracheostomy - creation of an opening in the trachea

• tracheomalacia - softening

  • disease of the upper respiratory tract

Upper respiratory tract made up of

• nose

• pharynx

• larynx

Anatomic features of nose

• nares (nostrils) - two of them, right & left; entry way into the nose

• septum - cartilage & bone that separates the nose into left/right

• turbinates - cartilages that swirl the air, done so it will increase contact with the inside of the nose to heat, humidify and filter it

• vascular - large amount of blood vessels so that it will heat the incoming air

• hairs - filter out dust and other particles

• mucus - helps humidify and trap dirt/debris/pathogens from the air

3 regional area of the pharynx

• nasopharynx

• oropharynx

• laryngopharynx

From the nose or mouth, air passes through the pharynx, it then enters

the larynx

• produces voice

air then enter the trachea (bumpy outer surface)

sept/o

meaning septum (“partition”) - plural: septa

• septectomy - removal

• septoplasty - surgical repair

sin/o, sinus/o

meaning sinus (a hollow space)

• sinusitis - inflammation

• sinusotomy - incision

lower respiratory tract

• trachea - start; divides into right/left bronchi - enters right/left lungs

• bronchi - airways divide and become progressive smaller, bronchi for each lobe & segment of the lungs

  • lobar bronchi

  • segmental bronchi - airways become very small

  • bronchioles - small airways

• alveoli - end in microscopic air sacs

pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o

meaning lung or air

• pneumomelanosis - blackening of the lung

• pneumatology - study of

• pneumonia - lung infection

• pneumonitis - inflammation of the lung

  • lower respiratory tract infection

• pneumonectomy - removal of entire lung

pulmon/o

meaning lungs

• pulmonologist - lung specialist

• pulmonary - pertaining to the lungs

lob/o

meaning lobe

• lobectomy - removal of lobe of the lung

• lobotomy - incision

bronch/o, bronchi/o

meaning bronchus

• bronchoscope - instrument to view the inside of bronchus

• bronchiostenosis - narrowing

• bronchitis - inflammaton

  • lower respiratory tract infection

bronchiol/o

meaning bronchiole (little bronchi)

• bronchiolitis - inflammation

  • lower respiratory tract infection

• bronchiolectasis - widening

alveo/o

meaning alveoli (air sac; balloon like)

• alveolitis - inflammation

• alveolar - pertaining to an alveolus

stern/o

meaning sternum (breastbone)

• sternocostal - pertaining to the sternum and rib

• sternotomy - incision

cost/o

meaning rib

• costectomy - removal

• costophrenic - relating to the ribs and diaphragm

thorac/o, pector/o (pectus), steth/o

meaning chest

• thoracic - pertaining to the chest

• pectoralgia - chest pain

• pectus excavatum - chest (sternum) that goes inward

• stethoscope - device to listen to chest sounds

pleur/o

meaning pleura (membrane that surrounds the lung and chest wall)

• pleuritis - inflammation

  • lower respiratory tract infection

  • pleuisy - another word for pleuritis

• pleurectomy - removal

phren/o

meaning diaphragm and brain

• phrenospasm - sudden contraction

• phrenoplegia - paralysis

diaphragm - horizontal muscle that lies between chest and the abdomen

process of reparation

• inspiration (chest pain happens)

  • diaphragm & intercostal muscles contract

  • pressure in the chest decreases

  • air is sucked into the lungs

• expiration

  • passive does not require muscle contraction

ox/o

meaning oxygen

• hypoxia - condition of low oxygen

• hypoxemia - condition of low oxygen in the blood

spir/o, -pnea

meaning breathing

• spirometry - device that measures breathing

• sleep apnea - lack of breathing while sleeping

  • disease of the upper respiratory tract

capn/o, carb/o

meaning carbon dioxide

• hypercapnia - condition of low oxygen

• hypoxemia - condition of low oxygen in the blood

Most common complaint

coughing

• productive cough (expectoration) - chest produces sputum

• nonproductive cough - produces no material

other symptoms

• respiratory rate - tachypnea (too fast), bradypnea (too slow)

• respiratory depth - hyperventilation (very deep), hypoventilation (shallow)

• chest pain - pleura/pleuritic chest pain; pain occurs with inspiration or with a cough

breathing rate

• apnea - cessation (stopping/pause) of breathing

• eupnea - normal breathing

• tachypnea - rapid breathing

• bradypnea - slow breathing

breathing depth

• hypopnea - shallow breathing

• hyperpnea - heavy breathing

breathing abnormalities

work involving in breathing

• dyspena - difficulty breathing

• orthopnea - able to breath only in an upright position

depth of breathing

• hyperventilation - breathing deep and fast; leads to hypocapnia (low levels of carbon dioxide)

• hypoventilation - breathing shallow and slow; leads to hypercapnia (high level of carbon dioxide) - innsuffcient air flow into and out the lungs — leading to increased CO2 levels

dysohonia

upper respiratory tract complaint

• bad voice

epistaxis

upper respiratory tract complaint

• nosebleed

rhinorrhagia

upper respiratory tract complaint

• excessive flow of blood from the nose

rhinorrhea

upper respiratory tract complaint

• runny nose

bronchospasm

lower respiratory tract complaint

• involuntary contraction of the bronchus

phrenospasm

lower respiratory tract complaint

• involuntary contraction of the diaphragm (hiccups)

pleualgia, pleurodynia

lower respiratory tract complaint

• pleural pain

thoracalgia

lower respiratory tract complaint

• chest pain

bronchorrhea

lower respiratory tract complaint - discharges/secretions

• discharge from the bronchi

expectoration

lower respiratory tract complaint - discharges/secretions

• coughing and spitting up material from the lungs

• productive cough

hemoptysis

lower respiratory tract complaint - discharges/secretions

• coughing up blood

sputum

lower respiratory tract complaint - discharges/secretions

• mucus coughed from the lungs

methods to observe signs of respiratory problems

• physical findings

• lab tests

  • measure levels of co2 (capnography) and oxygen (oximetry)

• specialized tests

  • spirometry - measures how well the lungs are functioning

• imaging

  • ventilation - perfusion scan; method to compare the amount of air being brought in to the amount of blood and areas that blood is brought into the lung (prefusion)

  • brochoscope - tiny camera to view inside of the bronchi

  • thorascopy - view the chest with a camera

Pectoriloquy

listening to lung sounds (auscultation)

• patient speaks while the health professional listens to areas with a stethoscope

• speaking from the chest

cyanosis

bluish color of skin caused by insufficient oxygen

retraction

the sucking in of the skin around bones during inhalation

• happens when someone is in respiratory distress

pectus carinatum

sternum protrudes like the keel of a ship

pectus excavatum

sternum is hollowed out

percussion

touching the patient (palpation)

• striking the body surface; the sound that is made indicates the presence of air or fluid

atelectasis

condition of the lung tissue and airways

• incomplete expansion of lung tissue

bronchiectasis

condition of the lung tissue and airways

• expansion of the bronchi

caseous necrosis

condition of the lung tissue and airways

• death of a tissue that has a cheese like appearance (can be seen with a tuberculosis infection

pulmonary edema

condition of the lung tissue and airways

• swelling of lungs (lung tissue becomes wet)

tracheostenosis

condition of the lung tissue and airways

• narrowing of the trachea

phrenoplegia

conditions of the diaphragm

• paralysis of the diaphragm

phrenoptosis

conditions of the diaphragm

• drooping of the diaphragm

chylothorax

conditions of the chest and pleura

• chyle in the chest (milky white appearance)

empyema, pyothorax

conditions of the chest and pleura

• pus in the chest

hemothorax

conditions of the chest and pleura

• blood in the chest

pleural effusion

conditions of the chest and pleura

• large amount of fluid in the pleural space

pneumohemothorax

conditions of the chest and pleura

• air and blood in the chest

pneumothorax

conditions of the chest and pleura

• air in the chest

lab data that reflects carbon dioxide levels

• hypercapnia, hypercarbia - high CO2

• hypocapnia, hypocarbia - low CO2

  • hypocapnia = insufficient levels of CO2

Lab data that reflects oxygen levels

• hypoxemia - low oxygen levels in the blood

• hypoxia - low oxygen level

capnography

procedure to measure and monitor CO2 levels

capnometer

device to measure CO2 levels

oximetry

procedure to measure oxygen levels

computed tomography

imaging procedure using a computer to make images that are slices of the body

pulmonary angiography

imaging of the pulmonary vessels

ventilation-perfusion scan (VQ scan)

scan that tests whether a problem in the lungs is due to airflow (ventilation) or blood flow (perfusion)

polysomnography

recording multiple aspects of sleep

pulmonary function testing

group of tests to evaluate condition and operation of lungs

spirometry

procedure to measure breathing

bronchoscopy

evaluation of the inside of the respiratory system

• process of viewing the inside of the bronchi

endoscope

evaluation of the inside of the respiratory system

• device to view the inside of the body

nesopharyngoscope

evaluation of the inside of the respiratory system

• instrument to look at the nose and throat

thoracoscopy

evaluation of the outside of the lung

common cause of respiratory problem is

infection

• other causes are diseases

  • acute - asthma attack

  • chronic - obstructive pulmonary disorder

upper respiratory tract infection

• laryngitis - inflammation of larynx

• laryngotracheobronchitis - inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

• rhinitis - inflammation of the nasal passages

• sinusitis - inflammation of the sinus

• pansinusitis - inflammation of all the sinuses

• tonsillitis - inflammation of the tonsils

• tracheitis - inflammation of the trachea

asthma

diseases of the lower respiratory tract

• a chronic inflammatory disease that makes the airways in your lungs swell, narrow, and fill with extra mucus

• long term, noninfectious causes of respiratory illness that can be serious

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

diseases of the lower respiratory tract

• group of pulmonary diseases characterized by continual blocking of lung passages

• emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis

• long term, noninfectious causes of respiratory illness that can be serious

cystic fibrosis

diseases of the lower respiratory tract

• causes thick mucous buildup in the lungs and pancreas

emphysema

diseases of the lower respiratory tract

• loss of elasticity of the alveoli; difficulty exhaling air

obstructive lung disorder

diseases of the lower respiratory tract

• lung disorder caused by a blockage

pneumoconiosis

Conditions of the lower respiratory tract

• lung disease caused by inhaling dust

pulmonary embolism

Conditions of the lower respiratory tract

• matter in the pulmonary vasculature that blocks pulmonary blood supply

pulmonary neoplasm

Conditions of the lower respiratory tract

• new growth in the lung

restrictive lung disorder

Conditions of the lower respiratory tract

• lung disorder caused by the limiting of air into the lungs

bronchiogenic carcinoma

Conditions of the lower respiratory tract

• cancerous tumor that originated in the bronchi

mesothelioma

Conditions of the lower respiratory tract

• cancerous tumor of the mesothelial cells lining the lungs

diaphragmatocele

hernia of the respiratory system

• hernia of the diaphragm - abdominal organs move up into the thorax and compress the lung

pneumatocele

hernia of the respiratory system

• hernia of the lung (air filled cyst in the lung tissue)

bronchodilators

medication that is used to treat bronchospasm (narrowing of the airway)

antitussives

medication that is used to treat cough

surgical procedures for respiratory conditions

• remove diseased tissues - removal of lobe of lung (lobectomy)

• place breathing tubes in the trachea - endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy

nebulizer

machine that turns medication into an aerosol that is breathed in

• respiratory medication

expectorant

encourages explusion of material from the lungs