APUSH period 4 textbook

National Culture Identity

American Art, literature, and philosophy, early 19th century

Transendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson, self-realization and moral resistance to unjust laws

Hudson River School

Group of landscape painters, romantic American wilderness, Nature = Divine

Washington Irving

Rip van winkle, American folk tales

James Fenimore Cooper

Leatherstocking tales, Frontier idealization

Nathaniel Hawthorne + Herman Melville

Scarlett Letter + Moby Dick, deep emotions/psychology

Brook Farm (MA)

Transcendentalist, balancing manual and intellectual life

Oneida Community (NY)

“complex marriage”, communal property, manufactured silverware

Shakers

Strict sexual refrain, gender equality, simple craftsmanship

Protestant Revivalism

Religious revival, free will, personal salvation, moral perfection

Social Reform Catalyst

Religious reforms inspired people to clean up society (temperance, abolition, education)

Charles Grandison Finney

Evangelist, “Burned-Over District” due to massive religious revivals

Camp meetings

Religious outdoor gatherings on the frontier

Democratization of religion

Rapid growth of evangelical groups, Baptists and Methodists

Evangelicalism

Individual/moral reform → broader worldwide reform compared to second great awakening

Mormonism

Joseph Smith, in the burned over district, persecution due to polygamy

Moral Improvement and Institutional reform

Influenced by second great awakening and Enlightenment ideals, rapid urbanization, industrialization

Public Sphere Movements

Women played a central role in organizing, speaking, and leading reform efforts

Temperance Movement

Reduce/ban alcohol consumption, alcohol was seen as a primary source of domestic violence, crime, and workplace inefficiency, led by women

Asylum and Prison Reform

Dorothea Dix, medical patients rather than criminals

Public Education Reform

Horace Mann, state-funded schools, standardized teacher training, mandatory attendance, expanded curriculum in Massachusetts

Women’s Rights + Seneca Falls convention

Lucretia Mott, Declaration of sentiments based on the declaration of independence, demanded women suffrage and legal protections for married women

Institution of Slavery

Enslaved Africans formed resilient cultures, communities, and forms of resistance despite legal brutality

Free African American Communities

Faced constant systemic racism, segregation, and disenfranchisement, persevered to create aid networks, churches, and abolitionist movements

Covert Resistance

Work slowdown, tool breaking, faking illness, arson, running away

Overt resistance

Open resistance

Nat Turner’s rebellion

Armed uprising in Virginia → killed 60 white citizens, led to harsher black codes, restrictions on slave literacy, stricter surveillance in South

Denmark Vesey

Slave insurrection conspiracy → heightened Southern Anxiety

David Walker

Free Black Abolitionist → “An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the world” → called for armed rebellion to end slavery

King Cotton and Domestic Slave Trade

Eli Whitney’s Cotton gin solidified southern agrarian export economy and accelerated migration of slavery into the deep south

Southern Social Structure

Ridgid hierarchy dominated by a small planter aristocracy, Majority of southern whites didn’t own slaves