Anatomy and Physiology 1 Ultimate Review Guide

Anterior (ventral)

toward front

Superior (cranial)

towards head

Inferior (caudal)

towards tail

Distal

away from trunk

Proximal

toward trunk (limbs only)

Superficial

towards surface

Deep

away from surface

Sagittal plane

divides body/organ vertically into left and right

Midsagittal

equal right and left halves

Parasagittal

unequal left and right sides

Transverse plane

divides body/organ horizontally into superior and inferior portions

Oblique plane

divides body unevenly along any angle not at 90 degrees from others

Dorsal cavity

internal compartment in the posterior portion of the body that contains and protects the brain and spinal cord

Ventral (anterior) cavity

internal compartment in the anterior portion of the body that contains, protects, and adjusts for the movement of specific organs

Cranial cavity

superior portion of the dorsal (posterior) cavity which contains the brain

Spinal (vertebral) cavity

inferior portion of the dorsal (posterior) cavity which contains the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

superior portion of the ventral (anterior) cavity which contains the heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

inferior portion of the ventral (anterior) cavity which contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

Abdominal cavity

superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity which contains the digestive organ

Pelvic cavity

inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity which contains the reproductive organs

Abdominal quadrants

2lines make 4 quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ)

Abdominal regions

(listed top down) right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

Serous membranes

one of three, double-layer membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities which function to reduce friction inside the body as the internal organs expand, contract, and move

Visceral layer

deep layer of the serous membrane

Parietal layer

superficial layer of the serous membrane

Serous space

fluid filled space between the visceral and parietal layers

Pleura

serious membrane that surrounds the lungs

Pericardium

serous membrane that surrounds heart

Peritoneum

serous membrane that surrounds several organs in abdominopelvic cavity

Serous fluid

liquid secreted by parietal and visceral serosa that fills serous spaces

Polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Starch

polymer of glucose and the storage form of CHO in plants

Glycogen

polymer of glucose and storage form of CHO in animals

Cellulose

polymer of glucose and the cell wall structure of plants

Monnosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose

4 groups of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins

Triglycerides

storage form of lipid found most abundantly in body tissues.

Monosaturated

one double bond

Polysaturated

multiple double bonds

Saturated

no double bond

Phospholipids

has polar head and non polar tail

Steroids

important component of bile acids and building block of many hormones

Mass number of an atom

protons plus neutrons

Protein

organic macromolecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Amino acids

molecule composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, together with a variable side chain that functions as the monomer protein

Peptide bond

covalent bond between two amino acids formed by dehydration synthesis

Polypeptide

protein strand with under 100 amino acids

Denaturation

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

Nucleotide

composed of 1 or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and nitrogenous base.

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

DNA

stores genetic info

RNA

helps transfer the genetic code in DNA to protein

Nitrogenous bases

purine, pyrimidine

Purine

double ring structure: adenine and guanine

Pyrimidine

single ring structure: cystanine, thymine, and uracil

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

used as a form of stored energy in body

Cell membrane

provides protective barrier around cell and regulates materials that can pass in and out. Composed of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol

Transmembrane protein

type of integral membrane protein exposed to both internal and external side of cell membrane

Integral membrane protein

permanently embedded in membrane

Concentration gradient

the difference in concentration of a substance across space

Diffusion

the movement of particle from an area of high concentration to and area of lowe concentration

Simple diffusion

form of passive membrane transport in which a substance moves across the membrane down its concentration gradient without the use of a membrane protein

Facilitated diffusion

form of a passive membrane transport used for substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer on their own due to size, charge, polarity, and require a transmembrane protein to facilitate their movement down their concentration gradient

Channel protein

transmembrane protein that forms a channel through the membrane that allows select materials to pass through along their concentration gradient

Carrier protein

transmembrane protein that binds and transports a specific molecule across the membrane

Osmosis

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient

Solute pump

form of active membrane transport in which a membrane protein used ATP to move a solute across the membrane, most often against concentration gradient

Phagocytosis

endocytosis of large particles. “Cell eating”

Pinocytosis

endocytosis of small amounts of fluid. “Cell drinking”

Receptor mediated endocytosis

endocytosis of a specific ligand only once bound to a receptor specific to that ligand

Cell membrane

separates extracellular and intracellular fluides, regulates transport of material in and out of cell and regulates cell interactions

Cytosol

suspenses internal structures, providing for biochemical reactions

Cytoskeleton

responsible for cell shape and structure, organelle placement, internal transport

Centrosome

produces microtubules during cell division to divide DNA equally

Ribosome

responsible for protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

responsible for protein folding and modification

Golgi apparatus

responsible for protein sorting, modification, and shipping

Lysosome

breaks down internal components and external material

Peroxissome

responsible for lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification

Mitochondria

produces ATP

Nucleus

stores DNA

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes lipids

Organelle

little organ. One of several different types of structures in the cell, each performing a unique function

Cytoplasm

the organelles and cytosol together

Microtubule

cytoskeleton filament important for maintaining cell shape/ structure, resisting compression, positioning organelles, and creating pathways for transportation

Intermediate filament

important for maintaining cell shape. Structure and resisting tension

Reactive oxygen species

high reactive products of many normal cellular processes that play a role in important cell functions as well as cause oxidative damage and cell death

Nuclear envelope

the double phospholipid bilayer membrane that surrounds th nucleus

Nuclear pore

a passageway in the nuclear envelope formed by proteins for the transport of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus

a dark staining region of the nucleus responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for the construction of ribosomes

Nucleosome

double helix DNA wrapped around histones to form the “bead on a string” form of DNA

Chromatin

nucleosomes wrapped around themselves to form the “coiled” form of DNA

Chromosome

chromatin wrapped around itself to form the most compact “coiled coil” form of DNA

Initiation stage of DNA replication

2 complementary strands separated

Elongation stage of DNA replication

each strand becomes template along which a new complementary strand is built

Termination stage of DNA replication

replication stops once 2 original strands are bound to their own, finished, complementary strands

DNA polymerase

enzymes that add free nucleotides to end of DNA chain

Genome

entire complement of an organism’s DNA

Protenome

cell’s full complement of proteins