TEAS - Things to remember

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combo of everything i need to remember for the TEAS

36 Terms

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“Strong Arteries Benefit Body’s Performance”

SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers

<p><span style="color: rgb(248, 174, 70);"><strong>S</strong>A Node</span> → <span style="color: rgb(146, 18, 198);"><strong>A</strong>V Node</span> → <strong>B</strong>undle of His → <strong>B</strong>undle Branches → <span style="color: rgb(39, 195, 179);"><strong>P</strong>urkinje Fibers</span></p>

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ECG Polarizations:

Depolarization = Contraction

Repolarization = Relaxation

Atrial Depolarization → Atrial Contraction

Ventricular Depolarization → Ventricular Contraction

Ventricular Repolarization → Ventricular Relaxation

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ECG Basics:

“ABC P-QRS-T”

P WAVE → Atrial Depolarization

QRS COMPLEX → Ventricular Depolarization

T WAVE → Ventricular Repolarization

<p><span style="color: rgb(197, 5, 5);"><strong>P WAVE →</strong> Atrial Depolarization</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(103, 204, 164);"><strong>QRS COMPLEX → </strong>Ventricular Depolarization</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(196, 127, 255);"><strong>T WAVE →</strong> Ventricular Repolarization</span></p>

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“QRS Complex looks like an inverted V”

V stands for ventricles → Ventricular Depolarization

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Systolic Pressure:

“LUB & Squeeze!”

Contraction of the heart
“LUB” sound
Peak pressure in arteries
Lower than 120

<ul><li><p><span style="color: rgb(236, 130, 130);"><strong>Contraction</strong> of the heart</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(236, 130, 130);"><strong>“LUB”</strong> sound</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(236, 130, 130);"><strong>Peak pressure</strong> in arteries</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(236, 130, 130);">Lower than <strong>120</strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Diastolic Pressure:

“DUB & Relax!”

Relaxation of the heart
“DUB” sound
Lowest pressure in arteries
Lower than 80

<ul><li><p><span style="color: rgb(179, 112, 219);"><strong>Relaxation</strong> of the heart</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(179, 112, 219);"><strong>“DUB”</strong> sound</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(179, 112, 219);"><strong>Lowest pressure</strong> in arteries</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(179, 112, 219);">Lower than <strong>80</strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Hindbrain: “Medulla Manages, Pons Passes, & Cerebellum Coordinates”

Medulla Oblongata → Regulation of breathing, BP, & HR

Pons → Transmit signals btwn forebrain & cerebellum

Cerebellum → balance & movement; coordination

<p><span style="color: rgb(26, 25, 155);"><strong>Medulla Oblongata</strong> </span><span style="color: rgb(26, 25, 155);">→ Regulation of breathing, BP, & HR</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(100, 204, 184);"><strong>Pons</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(100, 204, 184);"> → Transmit signals btwn forebrain & cerebellum</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(105, 25, 183);"><strong>Cerebellum</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(105, 25, 183);"> → balance & movement; coordination</span></p>

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Midbrain: “MID Controls”

Movement

Involvement in the sleep/wake cycle

Detection of auditory & visual reflexes

<p><span style="color: rgb(175, 138, 226);"><strong>M</strong>ovement</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(175, 138, 226);"><strong>I</strong>nvolvement in the sleep/wake cycle</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(175, 138, 226);"><strong>D</strong>etection of auditory & visual reflexes</span></p>

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Forebrain Functions:

“Forehead, Parachute, Optics & Ocular, Tempo”

FRONTAL LOBE: “forehead” → deep though & decision making

PARIETAL LOBE: “parachute” → covering top of head; sensory info

OCCIPITAL LOBE: “optics & ocular” → focusing on vision

TEMPORAL LOBE: “tempo” → hearing & rhythm in speech & memories

<p><span style="color: rgb(196, 131, 227);"><strong>FRONTAL LOBE:</strong> <em>“forehead” </em>→ deep though & decision making</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(104, 216, 201);"><strong>PARIETAL LOBE:</strong> <em>“parachute”</em> → covering top of head; sensory info</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(241, 149, 149);"><strong>OCCIPITAL LOBE:</strong> <em>“optics & ocular”</em> → focusing on vision</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(110, 209, 224);"><strong>TEMPORAL LOBE:</strong> <em>“tempo”</em> → hearing & rhythm in speech & memories</span></p>

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Peripheral Nervous System:

“Amazing Spider-man Saves People”

Autonomic Nervous System → Internal temp, regulate GI functions, excretory & endocrine systems; cardiac muscle activity

Somatic Nervous System → Motor functions of skeletal muscles (voluntary & somatic)

↳ Sympathetic: Fight or Flight response → increase HR & RR; slow digestion

↳ Parasympathetic: Rest & Digest → Decrease HR; digestion occurs

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Afferent = Admission & Efferent = Exit

Afferent → sensory neurons input (ex: touch hot stove = afferent sensory neurons signal brain smth hot)

Efferent → motor neurons output (ex: brain processes info = efferent motor neurons tell muscle to pull hand away)

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“L before P in digestion”

esophagus → Lower Esophageal Sphincter → stomach → Pyloric Sphincter → small intestine

<p>esophagus → <span style="color: rgb(171, 136, 220);"><strong>Lower Esophageal Sphincter</strong></span> → stomach → <span style="color: rgb(169, 8, 8);"><strong>Pyloric Sphincter</strong></span> → small intestine</p>

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Digestion: Mechanical vs Chemical

MECHANICAL:

stomach churns → bathes contents in gastric juices

↳ turns into chyme → puplu acid fluid passes from stomach into small intestine

CHEMICAL:

hydrochloric acid (HCl_(acq)) → strong acidic solution of gas hydrogen chloride (HCI_(g)) in H₂O

pepsin → chief digestion enzyme in stomach that breaks down proteins & polypeptides

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“Digestive Juices Intake”

DUODENUM → chemical digestion of chyme (breaks down fat, proteins, & carbohydrates); absorbs iron & other minerals

JEJUNUM → absorption of nutrients into bloodstream (carbohydrates & proteins)

ILEUM → absorption of nutrients (vitamin B12, bile salts, & products of digestion)

<p><span style="color: rgb(63, 122, 236);"><strong>DUODENUM</strong> → chemical digestion of chyme <em>(breaks down fat, proteins, & carbohydrates)</em>; absorbs iron & other minerals</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(168, 8, 8);"><strong>JEJUNUM</strong> → absorption of nutrients into bloodstream <em>(carbohydrates & proteins)</em></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(219, 202, 36);"><strong>ILEUM</strong> → absorption of nutrients <em>(vitamin B12, bile salts, & products of digestion)</em></span></p>

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“Ascending Absorbs, Transverse Transports, Descending Drives Down”

ASCENDING COLON → absorbs H₂O & salts; solidify waste into formed stool

TRANSVERSE COLON → storage site for digested food; more absorption of H₂O & salts

DESCENDING COLON → carries solid waste toward rectum; more absorption of H₂O & minerals; store feces until defecation

<p><span style="color: rgb(183, 144, 243);"><strong>ASCENDING COLON → </strong>absorbs H<sub>2</sub>O & salts; solidify waste into formed stool</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(95, 209, 197);"><strong>TRANSVERSE COLON → </strong>storage site for digested food; more absorption of H<sub>2</sub>O & salts</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(158, 2, 2);"><strong>DESCENDING COLON → </strong>carries solid waste toward rectum; more absorption of H<sub>2</sub>O & minerals; store feces until defecation</span></p>

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Gastrointestinal System Accessory Organs:

“Liver Builds & Breaks, Gallbladder Stores, & Pancreas Juices”

LIVER → carbohydrate & protein metabolism; creates bile to help w/ breakdown of lipids in small intestine

GALLBLADDER → store bile produced by liver

PANCREAS → produces pancreatic juices to help neutralize chyme

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Gastrointestinal System Enzymes & Hormones:

“Great Gatsby Can’t Stay In Bed”

GASTRIN: in G cells of stomach → stimulate gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen & HCl

GLUCAGON: in alpha cells of pancreas → raises blood glucose lvls

CHOLECYSTOKININ: in I cells of duodenum & jejunum → digesting fats & proteins & stimulating gallbladder to release bile

SECRETIN: in S cells of duodenum → regulates pH by inhibiting gastric acid secretion & stimulating bicard production

INSULIN: in beta cells of pancreas → glucose metabolism & stores glucose as glycogen

BILE: produced by liver & stored in gallbladder → emulsifies fats

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Muscular System:

“Spider-man Can Swing”

SMOOTH MUSCLE → involuntary control:

CONTROLLED by ANS; no conscious control
IN digestive system, arteries & veins, bladder, eyes,
HAS non-striated, one nucleus per fiber, spindle shaped

CARDIAC MUSCLE → involuntary control:

CONTROLLED by ANS; no conscious control; IN heart
HAS striations, one nucleus/per fiber, intercalated discs

SKELETAL MUSCLE → voluntary control:

CONTROLLED by SNS; conscious control of movement
IN tongue, diaphragm, upper esophagus
HAS striations, multiple nuclei per fiber

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Muscular System Abilities:

“Everyone Can Eat Everything”

EXTENSIBILITY → to be stretched/extended

CONTRACTILITY → to shrink or contract

ELASTICITY → to return to original length when relaxed

EXCITABILITY → to respond to stimulus from motor neuron/hormone

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Muscle Contraction:

“Squish A Muscle”

SARCOMERES: in muscles → relax = spread & contract = squish

ACTIN: thin filaments → protein that form contractile filaments of muscle cells

MYOSIN: thick filaments → fibrous globulin of muscles that split ATP & react to actin in muscle contraction

<p><strong>SARCOMERES:</strong> <em><u>in muscles</u></em> → relax = spread & contract = squish</p><p><span style="color: rgb(177, 152, 58);"><strong>ACTIN:</strong> <em><u>thin filaments</u></em> → protein that form contractile filaments of muscle cells</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(88, 183, 194);"><strong>MYOSIN:</strong> <em><u>thick filaments</u></em> → fibrous globulin of muscles that split ATP & react to actin in muscle contraction</span></p>

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Sliding Filament Model:

“Candy Canes & Polar Bears Ready!”

CALCIUM ACTIVATION → Ca²⁺ binds troponin, exposing actin binding sites

CROSS-BRIDGE FORMATION → myosin head binds to actin

POWER STROKE → ADP & P_i released = myosin head pull actin filament to M-line, shortening sarcomere

BRIDGE DETACHMENT → ATP binds to myosin head, detaching from actin

REACTIVATION → ATP hydrolyzed recocks myosin head for next cycle

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Male Reproductive System:

“Everyone Ready? Start the Show Live Tonight at TV”

Epididymis, Rete Testis, Seminiferous Tubule (Spermatogenesis), Septula, Lobules, Tunica Albuginea, Tunica Vaginalis

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Male Reproductive Accessory Glands:

“Strawberry & Peanut Butter”

SEMINAL GLANDS → produce fluids that turn into semen

PROSTATE → produces fluids for semen, surrounds urethra, & activates sperm

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND (cowper’s gland) → discharges a component of seminal fluid into urethra that lubricates glans penis

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Female Reproductive System:

“Usually, Only Fairies Can Voyage”

UTERUS → hormone responsive sex organs responsible for gestation, menstruation, & labor

OVARIES → oval-shaped glands where eggs form & hormones (estrogen & progesterone) made

FALLOPIAN TUBES → bilateral conducts btwn ovaries & uterus

CERVIX → lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects uterus & vagina

VAGINA → muscular, copulatory canal that goes from uterus to outside of body

<p><span style="color: rgb(227, 145, 145);"><strong>UTERUS</strong> → hormone responsive sex organs responsible for gestation, menstruation, & labor</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(145, 218, 213);"><strong>OVARIES</strong> → oval-shaped glands where eggs form & hormones <em>(estrogen & progesterone) </em>made</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(108, 184, 230);"><strong>FALLOPIAN TUBES</strong> → bilateral conducts btwn ovaries & uterus</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(183, 169, 224);"><strong>CERVIX → </strong>lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects uterus & vagina</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(109, 180, 97);"><strong>VAGINA </strong>→ muscular, copulatory canal that goes from uterus to outside of body</span></p>

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Female Reproductive System — Vulva (external female genital organs)

MONS PUBIS → Area of fatty tissue that covers pubic bone

LABIA MAJORA → fleshly folds of tissue that extend down from mons pubis to merge w/ perineum skin

LABIA MINORA → Two inner folds of skin that surround opening of vaginal vestibule

VESTIBULE → Space btwn labia minora that houses urethral orifice & vaginal orifice

URETHRAL OFFICE → Opening which urine is discharged from body

VAGINAL ORIFICE → Slit btwn & behind opening of urethra for menstrual flow & childbirth

ANUS → Opening of rectum to outside of body which solid waste material

<p><span style="color: rgb(117, 207, 210);"><strong>MONS PUBIS → </strong>Area of fatty tissue that covers pubic bone</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(93, 142, 204);"><strong>LABIA MAJORA → </strong>fleshly folds of tissue that extend down from mons pubis to merge w/ perineum skin</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(232, 149, 149);"><strong>LABIA MINORA → </strong>Two inner folds of skin that surround opening of vaginal vestibule</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(190, 164, 205);"><strong>VESTIBULE →</strong> Space btwn labia minora that houses urethral orifice & vaginal orifice</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(137, 199, 125);"><strong>URETHRAL OFFICE → </strong>Opening which urine is discharged from body</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(190, 191, 97);"><strong>VAGINAL ORIFICE → </strong>Slit btwn & behind opening of urethra for menstrual flow & childbirth</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(114, 114, 114);"><strong>ANUS → </strong>Opening of rectum to outside of body which solid waste material</span></p>

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Endocrine Components:

“Have A Party Plan!”

HYPOTHALAMUS → makes own hormones

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND → makes their own hormones

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND → holds hormones made by the hypothalamus

PINEAL GLAND

<p><span style="color: rgb(139, 213, 200);"><strong>HYPOTHALAMUS</strong> → makes own hormones</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 167, 167);"><strong>ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND </strong> → makes their own hormones</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(216, 207, 135);"><strong>POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND</strong> → holds hormones made by the hypothalamus</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(180, 145, 213);"><strong>PINEAL GLAND</strong></span></p>

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Endocrine Reproductive Hormones:

O, P, F, L

OXYTOCIN → causes increased contractions of uterus during labor stimulates ejection of milk into duct of breasts

PROLACTIN (PRL) → stimulates milk production in mammary glands

FOLLICLE-STIMULATING → formation of ova/sperm

LUTEINIZING HORMONE → stimulates ovulation in females & androgen in men

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Reproductive Hormones of Gonads:

E, P, A

ESTROGEN → steroid hormone develops female sex characteristics

PROGESTERONE → creates healthy uterine linin for menstrual cycle & pregnancy

ANDROGEN → develops make sexual reproduction & characteristics

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Integumentary System Layers:

“Come Mate, Let’s Get Sun Burnt Lads”

STRATUM CORNEUM → outermost layer made up of keratin & lipids

MELANOCYTES → cells in skin & yes that produces & contains pigment (melanin)

STRATUM LUCIDUM → thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in thick skin on palms of hands & soles of feet

STRATUM GRANULOSUM → thin layer of cells that has granules of lipids to form waterproof layer

STRATUM SPINOSUM → keratinocytes held tg by desmosomes to make skin flexible & strong

STRATUM BASALE → single columnar/cuboidal row of cells that divide to replace epidermis as it wears away

LANGERHANS CELLS → tissue macrophages of skin

<p><span style="color: rgb(232, 151, 151);"><strong>STRATUM CORNEUM → </strong>outermost layer made up of keratin & lipids</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(199, 200, 84);"><strong>MELANOCYTES</strong> → cells in skin & yes that produces & contains pigment <em>(melanin)</em></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(198, 152, 222);"><strong>STRATUM LUCIDUM → </strong>thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in thick skin on palms of hands & soles of feet</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(214, 169, 92);"><strong>STRATUM GRANULOSUM </strong>→ thin layer of cells that has granules of lipids to form waterproof layer</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(17, 72, 150);"><strong>STRATUM SPINOSUM</strong> → keratinocytes held tg by desmosomes to make skin flexible & strong</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105);"><strong>STRATUM BASALE</strong> → single columnar/cuboidal row of cells that divide to replace epidermis as it wears away</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(115, 209, 190);"><strong>LANGERHANS CELLS → </strong>tissue macrophages of skin</span></p>

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Dermis Layer

PROTEINS → elastin & collagen made by fibroblasts

CONTAINS → blood vessels, sweat glands, nerves, hair follicle

ETC → non-epidermal CT glues everything together

LAYERS → papillary layer & reticular layer

SCARS → fibrous CT makes & leaves mark on skin & creates scar if wound happens in dermis layer

KELOID → irregular fibrous tissue formed at site of scar bc increased collagen production

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Hypodermis Layer

IMPORTANCE → connects skin to bone & muscle tissue

HAS → adipose tissue

SWEAT GLANDS → thermoregulation (vasodilation = heat release, vasoconstriction = retain heat)

SEBACEOUS GLANDS → waterproof & lubricate skin & hair

HAIR FOLLICLE → hair bulb undergoes mitosis to drive hair root growth

NAILS → nail root undergoes mitosis to drive nail growth

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Skin Cancer

SKIN CANCER → most common cancer in states

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA → abnormal, uncontrolled growth of basal cells

MELANOMA → tumor of melanin-forming cells

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA → cancer growth make up middle & outer layers of skin

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Burn Types

FIRST DEGREE BURNS: outer layer of skin (epidermis) → minor inflammation & redness

SECOND DEGREE BURNS: extends thru epidermis into upper layers of dermis → swelling, blistering, & significant plan

THIRD DEGREE BURNS: penetrates full depth of epidermis & dermis → white/charred skin & numbness bc nerve damage

FOURTH DEGREE BURNS: reaches beyond skin layers into tissue, bonds, & muscles → loss of function

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EN = ENTER

EX = EXIT

ENDOCRINE → releases hormones into surrounding no special ducts

EXOCRINE → gland that makes substances & releases them thru duct/opening to body

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Hormones Biomolecules

POLYPEPTIDES → derived from amino acids

STEROIDS → derived from lipids

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Pituitary Gland Hormones

OXYTOCIN →

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) →

GROWTH HORMONE →

PROLACTIN (PRL) →

THYROID-STIMULATING (TSH) →

FOLLICLE-STIMULATING →

LUTEINIZING HORMONE →

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH) →