BMS 110 Cell reproduction vocab

Purines

A and G

Pyrimide

T and C

what bond does A and T have

2 Hydrogen bond

what bond does C and G have

3 hydrogen bond

how many chromosome pairs do we have

23 pairs

Gene

A sequence that encodes for a protein or RNA

DNA replication

process of copying DNA prior to cell division

Helices

Unwinds DNA, breaks down hydrogen bonds between the ladder

DNA polymerase

assembles new strand, matches base pairs

Transcription

DNA ---> RNA

In RNA, what replaces T?

U, for Uracile

RNA is

single stranded

regulatory protein job

speed up or halt transcription

mRNA

carries DNA info to ribosomes in cytoplasm or Rough ER

codons

3 nucleotide bases

ex: AUG AGU CAG

start codon

AUG

stop codon

UAA, UAG, UGA

exons

expressed sequence for protein

introns

interrupting sequence, usually trashed

tRNA

decodes mRNA, attached to a specific amino acid, delivers right amino acid to correct location

A site

funnel/ incoming tRNA binding site

P site

Holds growing protein

E site

Exit where tRNA leaves

Translation stages

1. Initation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

1. Initation

starts tRNA, binds to small ribosome subunit

2. elongation

peptide bonds form between incoming amino acids, ribsomes translocate down mRNA

3. Termination

stop codon, detaches from new polypeptide, release factor to stop codon has no tRNA matches

polysomes

cluster of ribosomes all translating the same mRNA at the same time

know how to convert DNA to RNA to tRNA and to Amino Acids

it WILL be on the test

gene mutations

changes nucleotide sequence of genes

gene mutation types

base pair substitution, deletion, and insertion

base pair substitution

changes one nucleotide pair, which changes amino acid

deletion

subtracting/ loss of nucleotide all together

insertion

addition of nucleotide, changes what ribosome reads, pushes all the codons back

frameshift

changes all codons down, changes all the nucleotides

happens when 1-2 nucleotides are added or subtracted

nonframeshift

when an entire codon (3 nucleotides) are added or subtracted at a time, doesn't effect other codons or amino acids

transposable elements

bits of DNA can move from one location to another in same DNA molecule or in a different one

chromosome

very long DNA molecule

chromatin

DNA AND histone combined

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

homologous chromosome

paired corresponding chromosomes

autosomes

pairs 1-22 on the chromosome chart

sex chromosomes

chromosome pair 23

male chromosome

XY

female chromosome

XX

Reproduction process

1. Grow 2. Develop 3. Maintain themselves 4. Reproduce

Mitosis

Division of somatic cells (identical)

Meiosis

division of germ calls (gonads), halve the diploid # to haploid (1n), 1st step in sexual reproduction, non identical

G0 phase

cell is vibing, cell then receives stimulus

G1 phase

growth phase, 6-12 hours long

G2 phase

2nd growth phase

Synthesis phase

DNA replication, 6-8 hours long, cell stops everything else to do this phase correctly

how many genetic combinations are possible

8 million, 2^23

centrosome

organelle, main microtubule that organizes chromosomes during mitosis, the "poles" of the cell

centrioles

barrel-shaped organelle, located IN the centrosome

centromere

middle of the chromosome that holds chromatids together

semi-conservative process

uses original DNA stand to encode new RNA, recycling old DNA, making 2 from 1 strand.