Anat and Phys Ch. 6

skeletal cartilage

• highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water

• contains no blood vessels or nerves

perichondrium

• layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage

• contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

• helps cartilage resist outward expansion

1. cartilage is made up of (blank), cells encased in small cavities called (blank), within a jelly-like (blank)

1. chondrocytes, lacunae, extracellular matrix

cartilage grows in two ways:

• appositional growth

• interstitial growth

appositional growth

• cartilage forming cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

interstitial growth

• chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

seven important functions of bones

1. support

2. protection

3. movement

4. mineral and growth factor storage

5. blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

6. triglyceride (fat) storage

7. hormone production (osteocalcin)

1. cartilage in the external ear is (blank)

2. cartilage in the intervertebral discs is (blank)

3. cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum is (blank)

1. elastic

2. fibrocartilage

3. hyaline

1. your humerus is a (blank) bone

2. your sternum is a (blank) bone

3. your vertebra are (blank) bones

4. your talus is a (blank) bone

1. long

2. flat

3. irregular

4. short

are bones organs?

• bones are organs because they contain different types of tissue

• bone (osseous) tissue dominates, but bones also have nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle cells and epithelial cells

3 levels of bone structure

1. gross

2. microscopic

3. chemical

describe compact and spongy bone

1. compact bone is smooth and solid

2. spongy bone has a mesh of boney spines called trabeculae

true/false: flat bones only contain compact bone

FALSE: flat bones have a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone

1. proximal epiphysis

2. diaphysis

3. distal epiphysis

4. articular cartilage

5. spongy bone

6. epiphyseal plate

7. periosteum

8. compact bone

9. medullary cavity (lined by endosteum)

1. Endosteum

2. yellow bone marrow

3. compact bone

4. nutrient foramen

5. perforating fibers

6. nutrient artery

Bone markings

1. sites of (blank), (blank) and (blank) attachment on external surfaces

2. areas involved in (blank) formation or conduits for (blank) vessels and (blank)

1. muscle, tendon, ligament

2. joint, blood, nerves

3 types of bone markings

1. projection

2. depression

3. opening

spinous process

5 major cell cell types of bone tissue

1. osteogenic cells

2. osteoblasts

3. osteocytes

4. bone-lining cells

5. osteoclasts

1. osteoprogenitor cells are (blank) cells

2. osteoprogenitor cells become (blank), which regulate (blank)

1. stem

2. osteoblasts

3. bone growth and matrix synthesis

1. osteoblasts (responsible for bone growth and matrix synthesis) become (blank), which are (blank) bone cells and function in what

1. osteocytes

2. mature

3. monitoring and maintaining the mineralized bone matrix

osteoclasts arise from the (blank) lineage and function in what

white blood cell, reabsorbing bones

NOTE: osteoclasts arise separate from the bone cell lineage and instead arise from the white blood cell lineage

1. osteoclast

2. bone matrix

3. osteocyte

4. osteoclast

5. nuclei

1. compact bone is also called (blank) bone

2. what does compact bone consist of (OCI)

1. lamellar

2. osteon (haversian system), canals and canaliculi, interstitial and circumferential lamellae

two methods of bone formation

• endochondral

• intramembranous

Endochondrial Ossification (6 steps) (Big Cats Pounce, Dogs Sleep Everywhere)

• bone collar forms around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model

• cartilage calcifies in center of diaphysis and forms cavities

• periosteal bud invades internal cavity and spongy bone forms

• diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms

• secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses

• epiphyses ossify, hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage when ossification is complete

Intramembranous ossification (MOOO VC)

1. Mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming ossification center

2. osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which calcifies. trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

3. osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels, forming spongy bone

4. vascularized mesenchyme on the outside of the bone condenses and becomes periosteum

5. compact bone replaces immature spongy bone just deep to the periosteum and red bone marrow develops