Circulatory system

What is the blood brain barrier?

Semi-permeable membrane preventing entrance of harmful substances from the central nervous system

What does the blood brain barrier allow the passage of?

Lipid soluble substances

What anatomy does the occipital artery supply?

Posterior part of scalp and neck

What anatomy does the temporal artery supply?

Frontal, temporal and parietal parts of scalp

What anatomy does the maxillary artery supply?

Muscles of Mastification

What are the two separate circulatory systems?

Pulmonary

Systemic

What are the three layers all blood vessel walls are made up of?

Tunica Adventitia

Tunica media

Tunica intima

What is the structure of the tunica Adventitia?

Outer layer of fibrous tissue

Made up of collagen and connective tissue

What is the structure of the tunica media?

Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

What is the structure of the tunica intima?

Single cell endothelial layer

What are the five main types of blood vessel?

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

What is the main modification of the arteries?

Thicker tunica media

What are arterioles?

Branches of arteries

Less elastic tissue in tunica media

What are capillary beds?

Structures which connect with the venules

What substances are the capillary walls permeable to?

Water and small molecules

What are the three types of capillaries?

Continuous

Fendstrated

Sinusoidal

What are the differences between types of capillaries?

Different sized gaps between endothelial cells for passage of different substances

What is the structure of valves found in veins?

Concave folds of tunica intima in the direction of the heart

What is the function of valves?

Blood pressure forces valve edges together and block vessels

What are anastomotic arteries?

Connecting arteries supplying specific areas

What are three examples of specific areas supplies by anastomotic arteries?

Palms of hands

Soles of feet

Circle of Willis

What is collateral circulation?

Back up route for blood flow provided by anastomotic arteries

What are end arteries?

Arteries that do not anastomose

What are two examples of end arteries?

Branches from circle of Willis

Central artery of retina

What are the three layers of the heart?

Pericardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

What is the pericardium?

Outermost layer of the heart composed of two sacs

What are the two sacs of the pericardium?

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

What is the structure of the fibrous pericardium?

Fibrous tissue and attached to diaphragm

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Inelastic layer protecting preventing over distension

What is the structure of the serous pericardium?

Double membrane of folded single endothelium enclosing the heart

What are the two layers and the fluid of the serous pericardium called?

Outer parietal layer

Inner visceral layer

Pericardial fluid

What is the structure of the myocardium?

Intercalated disc of striated cardiac muscle under involuntary control

What is the structure of the endocardium?

Epithelial cell layer lining the heart chambers and valves

What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood entering the heart?

Inferior or superior vena cava

Right atrium

Tricupsid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary arteries

What is the pathway of oxygenated blood through the heart?

Pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Mitral valve

Left ventricle

Aortic valve

Aorta

What are the chordae tendineae?

Inelastic tendonous cords preventing valves from opening upwards into the atria

What are the papillary muscles?

Tiny extensions of the myocardium which anchor the chordae tendinea into the ventricular wall

What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

Left anterior descending artery

Circumflex artery

What structure does the left anterior descending artery supply?

Myocardium

What structures does the circumflex artery supply?

Left ventricle and atrium

What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?

Posterior descending artery

Posterior left ventricular artery

What anatomy do the two branches of the right coronary artery supply?

Right ventricle and atrium

Where does the right common carotid artery branch from?

Brachiocephalic artery

Where does the left common carotid artery branch from?

Aortic arch

What are the two branches of both the right and left common carotid artery?

Internal and external carotid artery

What is the function of the internal carotid arteries?

Joins the circle of Willis to supply blood to the brain

What anatomy do the external carotid arteries supply?

Superficial tissues of the head and neck

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

Subclavian arteries

What are the five different arteries forming the circle of Willis?

Two anterior cerebral

Two internal carotid

One anterior communicating

Two posterior cerebral

One basilar

What vein supplies venous return from the head and neck?

Deep and superficial veins unite to form the external jugular vein which enters the subclavian vein

Where does venous return from the deep areas of the brain occur?

Dural venous sinuses formed by layers of dura matter

What are the five dural venous sinuses?

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Straight sinus

Transverse sinus

Sigmoid sinus

What three veins are involved in venous return from the neck and head?

Internal jugular

Subclavian

Braciocephalic

What are the two veins which drain into the superior vena cava?

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

What are the two areas of the aorta?

Thoracic and abdominal

What are the four structures of the thoracic aorta?

Aortic arch

Brachiocephalic artery

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

What is the location of the abdominal aorta?

Runs through abdominal cavity

Divides into the common iliac vessels

What is the function and origin of the superior vena cava?

Drains all above diaphragm structures

Union of left and right Brachiocephalic veins

What is the function and structure of the inferior vena cava?

Drains blood from below diaphragm structures

Union of left and right common iliac veins at L5

What artery does the right subclavian artery branch off from?

Brachiocephalic artery

What artery does the left subclavian artery branch off from?

Aortic arch

What are the axillary arteries?

Branches of the subclavian vessels

What are the further three branches of the axillary artery?

Brachial artery

Radial artery

Ulnar artery

What is the location of the radial artery?

Passes laterally in the forearm

Passes between the first and second metacarpal bones into the palm

What is the location of the ulnar artery?

Passes medially in the forearm, the wrist and into hand

What are the superficial and deep palmar arches?

Anastomoses between radial and ulnar arteries

What are the two branches of the superficial and deep palmar arches?

Palmar metacarpal arteries

Palmar digital arteries

What are the seven deep veins of the upper limb?

Metacarpal

Deep palmar venous

Ulnar

Radial

Brachial

Axillary

Subclavian

What are the four superficial veins of the upper limb?

Cephalic

Basilic

Median

Medial cubital

What are the three arterial branches of the thoracic aorta supplying blood to the chest?

Bronchial arteries

Oesophageal arteries

Intercostal arteries

What are the two main veins where most venous return occurs?

Azygos

Hemiazygous

What are the three major veins joining the azygos and hemiazygous veins?

Bronchial

Oesophageal

Intersostal

What vein does the azygos vein drain into?

Superior vena cava

What vein does the hemiazygos vein drain into?

Left Brachiocephalic vein

What are the four paired arterial branches in the abdomen?

Phrenic

Renal

SuprarenaL

Gonadal

What are the six unpaired arterial branches in the abdomen?

Coeliac

Left gastric

Splenic

Hepatic

Superior and inferior mesenteric

What are the five veins that unite to form the portal vein?

Splenic

Inferior mesenteric

Superior mesenteric

Gastric

Cystic

What are the two branches of the abdominal aorta at L4?

Right and left common iliac arteries

What are the two branches of the common iliac arteries and where do they form?

internal and external iliac arteries

Level of the SIJ

What is the function of the internal iliac artery?

Supplies blood to organs in the pelvis cavity

What are the two structural functions of the external iliac artery?

Forms the femoral artery at the thigh

Forms the popliteal artery at the popliteal space

What are the two branches of the popliteal artery?

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

What are the two arterial branches supplying anterior arterial circulation of the lower leg?

Anterior tibial artery

Dorsalis pedis artery

What are the three arterial branches supplying the posterior arterial circulation of the lower limb?

Posterior tibial artery

Fibular artery

Plantar artery

What are the five deep veins involved in venous return of the lower leg?

Femoral vein

External and internal iliac vein

Common iliac vein

Inferior vena cava

What are the two main superficial veins involved in venous return of the lower leg?

Small and great saphenous vein