brain and behavior test 3

describe the difference between the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe

anterior: makes and responds to hormones

posterior: distributes hormones

what two hormones are made in the posteriro lobe

oxytocin, vasopressin

wher are the posterior and anterior lobes

pituitary gland

where are oxytocin & vasopressin made?

hypothalamus

describe the order for the pituitary gland

hypothalamus gets input (neural, hormonal etc), hypothalamus sends releasing hormones (releasing factors) to anterior pituitary, ap makes tropic hormones

t/f anterior pituitary has endocrine cells

t; cells that make hormones

where are hormones made

hypothalamus

name the tropic hormones

prolactin, gonadotropic (FSH and LH) (ovaries & testies), thyroid stimulating, ACTH, growth

what releasing hormone is prolactin stimulated by

nothing specific

what releasing hormone is thyroid stimulating stimulated by

thyrotropin releasing hormone

what releasing hormone is ACTH stimulated by

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF)

what releasing hormone is growth hormone stimulated by

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

what releasing hormone is gonadotropins stimulated by

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

whats the atch process

hypothalamus creates CRF, stimulates the pituitary gland, creates atch, crates cortisol stimulates adrenal glands, negative feedback (cortisol turns itself off)

what is the gnrh process

gnrh stimulates fsh and lh, triggers sex hormones

prolactin purpose

milk production

what does gnrh stimulate in anterior pituitary

fsh, lh

name the hormones that fsh and lh stimulate

testosterone, estrogen

releasing factors are secreted by the ____ and stimulate the release of tropic hormones from the ___

hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

through negative feed back the secretion of cortisol is turned off by

cortisol, inhibiting further crf and acth secretion

the gonadotropins are ____; they are stimulated by ____ and they stimulate the release of ___

lh and fsh; gnrh; est, pg, t, dht

milk production is stimulated by___ milk let down is stimulated by ___

prolactin; oxytocin

what are the organizing effects of hormones

sexual differentiation of the body and brain during prenatal development; development of secondary sec characteristics during puberty under control of sex limited genes

what are the activating effects of hormones

changes in behavior and physiology in a sexually mature organism (sex drive, mensuration)

t/f: activating effects of hormones are temporary and organizing effects of hormones are permanent?

t

what happens in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

the anterior pituitary secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone); as follicle develops it secretes estradiol; once theres a rapid increase in estradiol you get LH (luteinizing hormone) surge, which triggers ovulation (follicle ruptures and egg is released, travels down fallopian tube towards uterus)

what is the corpus luteum

the cells from the ruptered cells that previously surrounded the egg

what does the corpos luteum do

it secretes estrogen and progesterone progressing to the luteal phase

whats the plan for birth control

blocking the lh surge

where does birth control act

the hypothalamus

decribe the process for sperm production

GnRH stimulates gonadotropins from anterior pituitary (FSH, LH) and makes sperm; testosterone exherts negative feedback so it turns of FSH, LH, and GnRH

testosterone can be converted to___

estradiol or DHT

organizing effects of sex hormones occur during ___ and are ___

development; permanent

during most of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the anterior pituitary secretes ____ and the ovaries secrete___

FSH; estradiol

what triggers ovulation

LH surge

after ovulation the follicle becomes the ___ and secretes ___

corpus luteum; estradiol and progesterone

Chemically, what are the 3 main types of hormones?

peptide and protein, steroid, amine

list some endocrine glands in the body

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, pancreas etc.

How are hormones transported around the body?

through the bloodstream

List the tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.

ACTH, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), GnRH (gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone)

What is the releasing hormone for each tropic hormone? Where do the releasing hormones come from?

ATCH- CRH, TSH- thyrotropin releasing hormone, FH (gonad releasing hormone), GnRH- growth hormone

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

it stores and releases two peptide hormones produced by the hypothalamus

what is oxytocin involved in

breastfeeding, female reproduction

What is the HPA axis and what experience activates it?

feedback system that regulates the body’s response to stress; activated bt a stressor that disrupts homeostasis

describe negative feedback

negative feedback is the return of the releasing hormone to cancel out the starting hormone, preventing it from creating more product later

Describe the hormonal communication between the anterior pituitary and the ovaries during the menstrual cycle

continuous, reciprocal feedback loop

How is it that testosterone can exert effects at both androgen and estradiol receptors?

it exerts at both receptors through enzymatic conversion (aromatization)

What is the “visible spectrum”?

the wavelength of colors that the human eye can see

name the parts of the eye and their functions

cornea-protective outer covering,

pupil- hole in the center of the iris & controls light entry

lens- refracts light dynamically & changes too adjust the focal distance (accommodation)

retina- neural tissue in back of eye ball

optic disk- hole in the retina where the optic nerve leaves a blind spot

fovea- point of central focus

name the parts of the eye

1: ligament 2:iris 3: pupil 4: lens 5: cornea 7:sclera 8:retina 9:optic nerve 10:blind spot 11: fovea

what does the fovea do

its the point of central focus in the eye

define the cornea

protective outer layer; refracts light

what does the pupil do

controls light entry

what does the lens do

bends (refracts) light to adjust focal distance (accommodation)

Know the cells in the retina, in order, from back to front.

back to front: photoreceptors (rods/cones) horizontal cells, biopolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells

Which of the cells in the retina are photoreceptors? Which give rise to the optic nerve?

cones/ rods= photo; retinal gang.= optic

where are cones located

in the fovea

where are rods located

the rest of the retina (peripheral retina)

t/f: cones do low sensitivity and high threshold

t

t/f: rods do high sensitivity and high threshold

f: high sensitivity low threshold

between rods and cones which is better for low light and which is bets for detail (acuity) and color

rods: low light

cones: color & acuity

where are the hair cells located? what are they responsible for

cochlea; audition (hearing)

where are the receptor cells located? what are they responsible for

olfactory epithelium; olfaction (smell)

define transduction

converting energy from one form to anotherw

what is visual transduction

conversion of light energy (photons) into electrochemical signals that travel along the optic nerve to the brain's visual cortex; happens in the retina

job of the retina

Converts light into electrical signals using photoreceptors (rods for low-light/monochrome vision, cones for color/detail), processes them via bipolar and ganglion cells

job of optic nerve

Carries electrical signals from the retinal ganglion cells out of each eye toward the brain

What does the brainstem do for all sensory input?

primary relay highway and processing center

Where is primary visual cortex?

posterior pole of the occipital lobe at the very back of the brain

Primary visual cortex in my right hemisphere process what part of my visual world?

left visual field

What/where are the what and the where pathways? Which is the dorsal stream and which is the ventral stream?

ventral= what, goes into temporal lobe; dorsal =where, goes into parietal lobe

name the 3 types of cones

S-cones (short/blue), M-cones (medium/green), and L-cones (long/red)

difference between cones

• S-cones (Short-wavelength / Blue): Peak sensitivity to short wavelengths of light (around 420–440 nm).

• M-cones (Medium-wavelength / Green): Peak sensitivity to medium wavelengths of light (around 530–545 nm).

• L-cones (Long-wavelength / Red): Peak sensitivity to long wavelengths of light (around 560–580 nm).

why does red green colorblindness happen

either the l(red) or m(green) cone photopigment is missing

What were HM’s impairments, and what could he still do? What does this tell us about different types of memories?

severe amnesia, lost ability to form new long term memories; could still develop memories once practiced

difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia: The inability to form new long-term memories or transfer information from short-term to long-term memory after the onset of the injury or illness.

Retrograde Amnesia:The inability to retrieve or access long-term memories that were stored before the onset of the injury or disease.

What is consolidation & what affects how fast & strong it is?

Memory consolidation is the process by which temporary, unstable memories are transformed into stable, long-term storage.

sleep, distractions, stress

What are implicit memory and explicit memory? What brain regions are important for the different types of each?

Explicit memory (also called declarative memory) involves the conscious, intentional recollection of facts, events, and personal experiences.

Implicit memory (also called non-declarative memory) involves memories and skills that influence our behavior unconsciously, without deliberate or conscious recall.

What brain region is important for working memory?

prefrontal cortex

What types of memory is the hippocampus specialized for consolidating?

declarative (explicit) memory

what is the testing effect

supporting active recall since memory formation stays longer

What is a Hebbian synapse?

is a type of connection between two brain cells (neurons) that gets stronger when they fire at the same time.

t/f: AMPA receptors trigger the initial electrical change needed to unblock NMDA receptors, and NMDA receptors let in calcium ions to permanently strengthen the synapse.

t

What are some presynaptic changes that occur in LTP? What are some postsynaptic changes that happen in LTP? What gas neurotransmitter is involved in these changes? What ion triggers the production of that neurotransmitter and is thus essential for LTP?

nitric oxide