Cardiovascular System & Tropical Infections Vocabulary Review

Vocabulary-style study flashcards focusing on key medical definitions, clinical signs, diagnostics, and management protocols from the lecture notes.

Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)

A diagnostic test for malaria that, if negative on 3 consecutive tests repeated every $12\,hours$, rules out malaria.

Rose Spots

Slightly raised, rose-red spots that fade on pressure, characteristic of week 2 Salmonellosis and usually viable only on white skin.

Capillary Leak Syndrome

A critical complication occurring during days $4\text{--}7$ of dengue illness characterized by ascites, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion.

Modified Faine's Criteria

Diagnostic criteria used for Leptospirosis, in which the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) serves as the gold standard.

Eschar

A characteristic necrotic skin lesion seen in scrub typhus infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Glycophorin A

The specific receptor on the red blood cell membrane to which the malarial parasite binds.

GAG Gene

A structural gene of HIV that codes for the matrix protein ($p17$) and core capsid protein ($p24$).

TED Regimen

A three-drug HIV treatment regimen consisting of Tenofovir disoproxil ($300\,mg$ OD), Emtricitabine ($200\,mg$ OD), and Dolutegravir ($50\,mg$ OD).

VacA (Vacuolating Toxin)

The most significant exotoxin and virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori responsible for gastric mucosal injury and inhibition of CD4 T-cells.

Rapid Urease Test

The most convenient endoscopic biopsy-based test for H. pylori, where tissue placed in an agar well turns alkaline due to urea cleavage into ammonia.

Pulsus Parvus et Tardus

A weak (parvus) and delayed (tardus) arterial pulse characteristic of very severe aortic stenosis.

Gallavardin Phenomenon

A feature of aortic stenosis where the high-pitched musical quality component of the murmur radiates to the apex while the low-pitched component transmits to the carotids.

Corrigan's Pulse

A high-volume, rapidly collapsing arterial pulse with a rapid upstroke and rapid downstroke, characteristic of chronic aortic regurgitation.

Austin Flint Murmur

A soft, low-pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur caused by the diastolic displacement of the anterior mitral valve leaflet by an aortic regurgitation stream.

Ortner's Syndrome

Hoarseness caused by compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve by a massively enlarged left atrium in mitral stenosis.

Caravallo's Sign

An increase in the intensity of the pansystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation during inspiration, best heard along the lower left sternal border.

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

A myxomatous valvular disorder characterized by excess tissue bulging into the left atrium during systole, presenting with a non-ejection click followed by a mid-to-late systolic murmur.

Kussmaul's Sign

A paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure (JVP) during inspiration, seen in chronic constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and right ventricular infarction.

Pericardial Knock

A high-pitched, sharp early diastolic sound heard in chronic constrictive pericarditis caused by the abrupt halting of ventricular filling by a rigid pericardium.

Beck's Triad

A clinical triad characteristic of cardiac tamponade consisting of hypotension, muffled heart sounds, and elevated jugular venous pressure.

ARNI (Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor)

A heart failure drug combination consisting of an angiotensin receptor blocker (Valsartan) and a neprilysin inhibitor (Sacubitril) that reduces mortality in HFrEF.

Ivabradine

An inhibitor of the funny current ($I_f$) in the SA node used to lower heart rate without affecting blood pressure in stable HFrEF patients with HR $> 70\text{/min}$.

Fabry Disease (Cardiomyopathy)

An intracellular glycosphingolipid storage disorder showing characteristic membrane-bound lamellar myelin bodies ('zebra' or 'onion skin' appearance) on electron microscopy of cardiomyocytes.

Cardiac Amyloidosis

An intercellular infiltrative disorder causing restrictive cardiomyopathy, characterized on Echo by biventricular wall thickening, biatrial dilatation, and hyperrefractile 'glittering/sparkling' myocardium.

Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM)

Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where the anterior mitral leaflet is sucked toward the septum during systole.

Brockenbrough Sign

A decrease in arterial pulse pressure (or pulse volume) following a ventricular premature complex (VPC) due to exaggerated dynamic LVOT obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Transient apical ballooning syndrome precipitated by a surge of sympathetic catecholamines in middle-aged females, presenting like acute coronary syndrome with normal coronary arteries on angiography.

Hangout Interval

The time delay between the crossover of ventricular and vascular pressures during ejection and the actual physical closure of the semilunar valves ($30\,ms$ for aorta, $70\text{--}80\,ms$ for pulmonary valve).

Opening Snap (OS)

A sharp, high-pitched early diastolic sound occurring $60\text{--}100\,ms$ after $A_2$ due to the abrupt doming of a stenotic but mobile mitral valve under high left atrial pressure.

Pulsus Alternans

An arterial pulse pattern where the pulse amplitude alternates beat-by-beat between higher and lower peaks due to alternating left ventricular stroke volume in severe heart failure.

Cannon 'a' Waves

Giant JVP waves produced when the right atrium contracts against a closed tricuspid valve during right ventricular systole, seen in AV dissociation conditions such as complete heart block.

Prominent 'x' Descent

An exaggerated systolic drop in JVP caused by atrial relaxation during systole, characteristic of cardiac tamponade and chronic constrictive pericarditis.

Coarctation of Aorta

A congenital vascular narrowing characterized on chest X-ray by the '3 sign' and on continuous wave Doppler by a serrated flow pattern.