Unit 3 (3)

What is the result of low GFR?

No kidney function leads to hypertension due to the inability to filter excess blood.

Normal GFR range for adults?

90 to 120 mL/min x 1.73 m^2.

What diagnosis is made when GFR is less than 60 mL/min for at least three months?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

What are common symptoms of kidney injury related to low GFR?

Electrolyte imbalance, hypertension, edema, anemia, skeletal fractures.

What causes azotemia?

High nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, urea, creatinine) in the blood.

What is uremia?

High urea in blood negatively affecting brain function.

How does low kidney function cause hypertension?

Inability to filter blood increases blood volume and pressure on artery walls.

What triggers the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) activity.

What is albuminuria?

Presence of albumin in the urine, often associated with kidney dysfunction.

What is a risk factor for anemia in CKD patients?

Low production of erythropoietin due to kidney dysfunction.

Name a common test for detecting CKD.

Blood tests and urinalysis.

What is the primary cause of diabetes-related kidney disease?

Diabetic nephropathy, resulting from damage to nephrons.

What is secondary hypertension?

High blood pressure with a known underlying cause, such as diabetes or CKD.

What effect does high sugar have on blood vessels in diabetic patients?

It leads to hyaline type atherosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis.

What are two treatments for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Kidney transplant and renal dialysis.

What population has a higher risk for hypertension and diabetes?

African Americans, Latinos, Asians, Pacific Islanders, Indigenous peoples.

What role does vitamin D play in kidney function?

Helps with calcium absorption; low levels due to kidney dysfunction can lead to fractures.