Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous & Thoracic Systems

Frontal Bone

Cranial bone forming the forehead and roof of the eye sockets.

Parietal Bones (2)

Paired cranial bones forming the sides and roof of the cranium.

Temporal Bones (2)

Paired cranial bones situated at the sides and base of the skull.

Occipital Bone

Cranial bone forming the rear and base of the skull.

Sphenoid Bone

Cranial bone situated at the base of the skull behind the eye.

Ethmoid Bone

Cranial bone separating the nasal cavity from the brain.

Maxillae (2)

Paired upper jaw bones forming the hard palate and upper teeth sockets.

Mandible

Lower jaw bone, the largest and strongest bone of the face.

Zygomatic Bones (2)

Paired cheekbones articulating with the maxilla and temporal bones.

Nasal Bones (2)

Paired small bones forming the bridge of the nose.

Lacrimal Bones (2)

Paired small, fragile facial bones forming part of the front inner wall of each eye socket.

Palatine Bones (2)

Paired facial bones forming the back part of the hard palate.

Vomer

Unpaired facial bone forming the lower posterior part of the nasal septum.

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)

Paired scroll-like facial bones extending horizontally inside the nasal cavity.

Coronal Suture

Skull suture connecting the frontal bone to the parietal bones.

Sagittal Suture

Skull suture connecting the two parietal bones along the midline.

Lambdoid Suture

Skull suture connecting the parietal bones to the occipital bone.

Squamous Suture

Skull suture connecting the temporal bone to the parietal bone.

Hyoid Bone

U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue without direct bone articulation.

Malleus

(1) Auditory ossicle (hammer) attached to the tympanic membrane.

Incus

(2) Auditory ossicle (anvil) located between the malleus and stapes.

Stapes

(3) Auditory ossicle (stirrup) transmitting vibrations to the oval window.

Clavicle

S-shaped collarbone connecting the sternum to the scapula.

Scapula

Triangular shoulder blade connecting the humerus and clavicle.

Humerus

Upper arm bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

Radius

Lateral forearm bone on the thumb side.

Ulna

Medial forearm bone on the pinky side.

Metacarpals (I-V)

Five bones forming the palm of the hand.

Phalanges Hand Bones

I - Proximal, distal (aka, pollux)

II - proximal, middle, distal
III - proximal, middle, distal
IV - proximal, middle, distal
V - proximal, middle, distal

Ilium

Part of the hip bone and articulates with the sacrum.

Ischium

The bottom part of the hip bone posterior to pubis.

Pubis

The bottom part of the hip bone anterior to ischium.

Femur

Proximal End

Shaft

Distal End

Patella

Known as the kneecap

Tibia

paired with a smaller fibula

Calcaneus

The heel bone of the foot.

Talus

The saddle-shaped bone in the ankle that connects the lower leg to the foot.

Metatarsals (I-V) Foot

Located in the midfoot region and the big toe starts as I while the pinky ends as V.

Phalanges Foot

The bones that make up the toes. As always proximal to middle to distal. The big toe only has proximal and distal.

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

Articulation between the sternum and clavicle.

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

Articulation between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle.

Glenohumeral Joint

Ball-and-socket shoulder joint between the glenoid fossa and humerus head.

Scapulothoracic Articulation

Functional physiological articulation between the scapula and the thoracic cage.

Elbow Joint

Compound joint comprising the humeroulnar and humeroradial articulations.

Radioulnar Joints

Proximal and distal joints allowing supination and pronation of the forearm.

Radiocarpal (Wrist) Joint

Condyloid articulation between the radius/articular disc and proximal carpals.

Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joints

Articulations between the distal carpals and metacarpals, notably the thumb saddle joint.

Synovial Joint Structure

Features include a joint capsule, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage.

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

Seven vertebrae comprising the neck region of the spinal column.

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

Twelve vertebrae in the chest region articulating with ribs.

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Five large vertebrae in the lower back supporting major weight.

Sacrum

Triangular bone formed by five fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.

Coccyx

The tailbone, formed by four fused small vertebrae.

Vertebral Column Curvatures

Primary curvatures (thoracic and sacral) and secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar).

Intervertebral Discs

Fibrocartilaginous pads composed of an annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus.

Herniated Disc

protrusion of a fragmented intervertebral disc in the intervertebral foramen with potential compression of a nerve

Trapezius

Superficial back muscle elevating, depressing, and retracting the scapula.

Latissimus Dorsi

Superficial back muscle extending, adducting, and medially rotating the arm.

Conus Medullaris

Tapered terminal end of the spinal cord.

Cauda Equina

Bundle of spinal nerves and nerve roots occupying the vertebral canal below the conus medullaris.

Brachial Plexus

Network of nerve fibers formed by spinal roots supplying the upper limb.

Subclavian Artery

Major blood vessel supplying blood to the head and upper limbs.

Median Cubital Vein

Superficial forearm vein commonly used for venipuncture.

True Ribs (1-7)

Vertebrosternal ribs attaching directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.

False Ribs (8-12)

Vertebrochondral ribs attaching indirectly or not at all to the sternum.

Floating Ribs (11-12)

Ribs with no anterior attachment to the sternum.

Mediastinum

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs.

Superior border: T1 to jugular notch of manubrium

Inferior border: T4 to diaphragm

Tricuspid Valve (Right AV)

Atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Mitral Valve (Bicuspid/Left AV)

Atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Chordae Tendineae

Fibrous cords anchoring AV valve cusps to papillary muscles.

Coronary Sinus

Large venous channel collecting deoxygenated blood from the heart wall into the right atrium.

Hemothorax

blood accumulation

Pleural Effusion

Fluid (non-blood) accumulatesin the pleural cavity

Vertebral body

Thick, oval-shaped anterior portion of the vertebra that bears weight.

Vertebral arch

Posterior structure formed by pedicles and laminae that encloses the vertebral foramen.

Vertebral foramen

Opening formed by the vertebral body and arch that contains the spinal cord.

Spinous process

Posterior bony projection pointing backward from the vertebral arch.

Transverse process

Lateral bony projection extending from the junction of the pedicle and lamina.

Superior articular processes

Projections upward from a vertebra to articulate with the vertebra above.

Inferior articular processes

Projections downward from a vertebra to articulate with the vertebra below.

Intervertebral foramen

Opening formed by adjacent vertebrae for the passage of a spinal nerve.

Transverse foramina

Openings found in cervical vertebrae for vertebral vessels.

Costal facets

Articulation sites for ribs found on thoracic vertebrae.

Lordosis

An inward curve of the lumbar spine, commonly known as swayback.

Kyphosis

An excessive outward curve of the thoracic spine, commonly known as hunchback.

Scoliosis

A sideways curvature of the spine often diagnosed during adolescence.

Levator Scapulae

Muscle of the back and neck that elevates the scapula.

Rhomboid Minor

Superficial back muscle that retracts and rotates the scapula downward.

Rhomboid Major

Superficial back muscle situated below the rhomboid minor that retracts and stabilizes the scapula.

Serratus Posterior Superior

Superficial back muscle that elevates the upper ribs during inspiration.

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Superficial back muscle that depresses the lower ribs during expiration.

Erector Spinae

Large muscle group of the back that extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column.

Iliocostalis

Lateral column of the erector spinae muscle group.

Longissimus

Intermediate and largest column of the erector spinae muscle group.

Spinalis

Medial column of the erector spinae muscle group closest to the spine.

Transversospinalis Group

Deep muscle group of the back involved in stabilization, extension, and rotation of the spine.

Semispinalis

Superficial muscle of the transversospinalis group spanning multiple vertebrae.

Multifidus

Intermediate muscle of the transversospinalis group spanning 2 to 4 vertebrae to stabilize the spine.

Rotatores

Deepest muscles of the transversospinalis group spanning adjacent vertebrae for rotation and proprioception.

Origin

The attachment site of a muscle's tendon to the more stationary bone.