POLS 130 50 Midterm

Article 1, Section 2

House of Representatives

Article 1, Section 8

enumerated powers of Congress, including the power to establish and maintain an army and navy, to establish post offices, to create courts, to regulate commerce between the states, to declare war, and to raise money. It also includes a clause known as the Elastic Clause which allows it to pass any law necessary for the carrying out of the previously listed powers.

Article 1, Section 9

Limits on Congress;

Article 4, Section 2

guarantees that citizens of one state be treated equally and fairly like all citizens of another. It also says that if a person accused of a crime in one state flees to another, they will be returned to the state they fled from. This section also has a clause dealing with fugitive slaves that no longer applies.

Naturalization Act (1970)

only white immigrants could apply for citizenship

Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823)

Supreme Court decision that determined tribal sovereignty could be limited by Congress

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri; those resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Ruled that Indians were dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

agreement that ended the Mexican War; under its terms Mexico gave up all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande and ceded California and the Utah and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States paid Mexico fifteen million dollars for the land, but the land cession amounted to nearly half that nation's territory.

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

The Supreme Court concluded that the U.S. Congress lacked the constitutional authority to bar slavery in the territories. This decision narrowed the scope of national power, while it enhanced that of the states.

Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862

Act by which the federal government made large tracts of land available to each state for state colleges devoted to agricultural and mechanical arts (A&M). Not all states were willing to admit Black students.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Burlingame-Seward Treaty (1868)

U.S. - China agreement that prohibited Chinese from naturalizing as U.S. citizens but established the rights of citizens to mutually emigrate between both nations to fulfill the increasing labor demands of the United States.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

gave African American men the right to vote

U.S. v. Kagama

ruled that Congress has constitutional power over the jurisdiction of crimes committed by one Native American against another

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Page Act

1875 legislation that prohibited the immigration of Asian contract laborers, Asian prostitutes, and convicted felons.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Yo Wick v. Hopkins (1866)

unfair law enforcement violates the 14th Amendment

Indian Reorganization Act

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Plessy v. Fergurson

A U.S. Supreme court case in which it was ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were legal.

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans were "an ignorant and dependent race" and "wards of the state" so therefore had no rights and the government was able to revoke all treaties

Jones Act

Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946.

Takao Ozawa v. United States

Ruling that Japanese immigrants were not eligible for citizenship because their skin was not white

Cable Act

allowed women to be independent of their husband's status

U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind

1923 - Supreme court - Bhagat, indian man, Was ineligible for citizenship because of the naturalization act.

Immigration Act of 1924

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Indian Citizenship Act

gives Native Americans citizenship and the right to vote in federal elections

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

Federal Housing Adminstration

U.S. agency that insures mortgage to protect lending institutions

National Labor Relations Act

law passed in 1935 that protects American workers from unfair management practices

Social Security Act

created a tax on workers and employers. That money provided monthly pensions for retired people.

Executive Order 9066

112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, this act, also known as the GI Bill, provided veterans of the Second World War funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.

Shelley v. Kraemer

A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.

Termination Act

An act passed by congress in 1953 which led to the termination of 13 tribes between 1945 and 1962. The act also mean that certain tribes would lose tax exempt status for their lands.

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

Supreme Court ruling that overturned Plessy v Ferguson "Separate but equal" is unconstitutional in the field of public education

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination.

Immigration & Nationality Act

made it easier for entire families to migrate and established "special categories" for political refugees.; increased the amount of immigration.

Indian Civil Rights Act

Guaranteed Indians the rights granted to other citizens in the Bill of Rights while at the same time recognizing the legitimacy of tribal laws.

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Blood Quantum

Fraction of a person's ancestry (or "blood") that is Native American

Civil Right

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

Hypodescent

A rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group.

Jim Crow Politics

The official government sanction of anti-black racial discrimination, racial separation, and violence

Jus Soli

the law of soil, which determines citizenship based on where a person is born

Manifest Destiny

Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Miscegenation

biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories; also known as intermarriage

Model Minority

A stereotype that characterizes all Asians and Asian Americans as hardworking and serious and so a "good" minority.

Multicultural View

Both bodily and psychological reactions to life events are often influenced by one's culture

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Naturalization

the legal process by which citizens of one country become citizens of another

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

One-Drop Rule

the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation

Pan-Ethnic Identity

When the ancestral connection is to a region, rather than to a specific nation.

Race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

Racial Assimilation

the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

Racial Essentialism

Belief that one's racial essence is obvious from one's outer appearance.

Racial Project

a way of giving meaning to racial categories through cultural representations and social structures

Racial Separation

Very strict lines of division between the dominant and subordinate races, including the forbidding of intermarriage and various kinds of contact.

Racialization

the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Racism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

Redlining

a practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations

Reservation

land set aside by the United States government for Native Americans

Restrictive Covenants

A statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of the land in some way; often used to prohibit certain groups of people from buying property

Scientific Racism

the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races

Settler Colonialism

a distinct type of colonialism that functions through the replacement of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a distinctive identity and sovereignty.

Transcendent (Assimilationist) View

argues that the maintenance of distinct cultural identities diminishes the common values and beliefs that make all Americans and promotes intergroup conflict.

White Privilege

The concept of a person being more likely to automatically have or inherit greater opportunities and more advantages than those afforded to racial and ethnic minorities if society/classifies that person as White.

White Supremacy

the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

Yellow Peril

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region