ATEP Exam 1

Anatomical Position

standard reference position to describe anatomy

Midline

splits the body down the center into left and right

Liability

Being legally responsible for the harm one causes on another person

Product liability

Manufacturers duty to design and produce equipment that will not cause injury as long as it is used as intended

Scope of Practice

what a healthcare provider is deemed competent to perform and legally allowed to perform

“competent to perform”

determined by education, certification, continuing education training, etc

“legally permitted to perform”

determined by state licensure

Tort

legal wrongs related to Scope of Practice

Nonfeasance

failure to perform an act within their scope of practice

Malfeasance

performing an act that is outside a person's scope of practice

Misfeasance

improperly performing an act that is within scope of practice

Standard of Care

minimal care an individual with similar education & training would perform (ex. certification or licensure)

Negligence

failure to provide reasonable standard of care (aka malpractice)

establishing negligence

A duty of care existed (easiest to prove), Care did not meet the “standard of care” (hard to prove), Care or lack-of-care caused an injury/illness, Harm/damages occur

Assumption of Risk

patient knows of and understands the danger of an activity and voluntarily chooses to be exposed to those dangers

Informed Consent

the patient is educated on the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention

Medical Documentation

recording all details regarding the patient’s condition, care, clinical decision processes, and personal interactions

Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPPA)

Protects the privacy of patient’s health information

Family Educational Rights & Privacy Act (FERPA)

Protects the privacy of student’s education information; parents don’t have legal access after 18 years

General Health Insurance

Policy that covers illnesses, hospitalization, and emergency care

Accident Insurance

Plan to cover accident on school grounds or in workplace; Protects against financial loss from medical and hospital bills (hospital care, surgery)

Catastrophic Insurance

Crazy injuries in athletics are relatively rare, but are staggering to all involved; Organizations (NCAA, NAIA, and NFSHS) provide additional coverage to deal with lifetime extensive care

Professional Liability Insurance

Employees insurance that protect against damages that may arise from injuries occurring on their property; Liability insurance covers against claims of negligence on part of individuals

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

Provides preventive measures and dictate where individual can receive care; will pay 100% of costs if care rendered within the HMO plan providers

Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO)

Provide discount health care and also limit where treatment can be obtained; Must know what facilities are approved for the program in order have cost completely covered

Points of Service

Based on HMO model but allows for care outside of the plan and is flexible for certain conditions and circumstances

Exclusive Provider Organization

Restrictive in number and type of providers (more like HMO) and most will not pay anything if you use out of network providers

Physician Hospital Organization

usually involves a major hospital or hospital chain and its physicians; contract directly with employers to provide services

Medicare

Federal health insurance program for the aged and disabled; most people age qualify for benefits

Medicaid

Health insurance program for individuals with low incomes and limited resources; Funded w federal government and individual states; varies by state

purpose of PPE

establishes a general baseline of health and medical status

Pre-Pubescent PPE

Undiagnosed conditions and congenital abnormalities

Pubescent PPE

Maturation level (growth) and establishing healthy behaviors

Young adult PPE

History of previous injury and sport-specific examination

Adult PPE

Overuse conditions

PPE controversy

cost effectriveness??

role of AT with protective equipment

work with officials, coaches, and strength and conditioning to minimize the risk of injury

safety standards

o   Must be in place relative to maintenance

o   Concern should be protective ability not appearance of equipment

o   Multiple groups and agencies are involved in standardizing sports equipment and facilities

NCAA guidelines for protective equipment

Athletic Trainers and physicians have full autonomy in making medical decisions (not to be influenced by the coaches) The athletic trainer's role extends to preventative measures aimed at limiting overall head trauma

o   Equipment oversight: Ensuring all protective equipment, particularly helmets, meets safety standards and is properly fitted

o   Technique correction: Collaborating with coaching staff to promote proper, head-out tackling and blocking techniques during practices

o   Rule Changes: Many of the spearing/targeting rule changes came from input and persuasion by ATs

helmets effectiveness

o   hair matters……fit after each haircut

o   Two fingers above eyebrows

o   No space between cheek and pad

o   TIGHT before chin strap – grab facemask and twist, go up and down

o   Pressure on TOP of head, equally distributes pressure

o   Four points of chin strap buckled

Methods of thermoregulation

Methods of heat transfer

Conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation; play a critical role in maintaining body temperature and regulating heat loss

Signs of heat rash

Red, raised bumps, prickling or tingling sensation

Symptoms of heat rash

itching, redness, and inflammation of the skin

Management strategies for heat rash

Remove wet clothing, towel off often

Signs of Heat Syncope

rapid fatigue during over exposure to heat

Symptoms of Heat Syncope

peripheral vasodilatation leading to dizziness, fainting, and nausea

Management strategies for heat rash

lay athlete down in cool area and replace fluids

Signs of Exertional Exercise Heat Cramps

muscle spams in legs, abs, or arms

Symptoms of Exertional Exercise Heat Cramps

dehydration and low sodium

Management strategues of Exertional Exercise Heat Cramps

ice massage, stretch, and drink fluids

signs of exertional heat exhaustion

dehydrated to the point where they cannot continue exercise

symptoms of exertional heat exhaustion

no CNS dysfunction; excessive thirst, profuse sweating, pale skin, stomach cramps with nausea, diarrhea, and headache

management strategies for exertional heat exhaustion

remove from play, place in cool environment, replace fluids, elevate legs, may need an IV

signs of exertional heat stroke

core temp 105 or higher, rapid/strong pulse, low blood pressure, shallow and fast breathing

symptoms of exertional heat stroke

headache, dizziness, nausea, confusion, irritability

management strategies of exertional heat stroke

cool down ASAP, immerse in cold water and activate EMS

signs of acute exertional rhabdomyolysis

swelling, dark-colored urine, renal dysfunction/failure, muscle weakness

symptoms of acute exertional rhabdomyolysis

muscle pain, muscle weakness, muscle pain without cramping, death

management strategies for acute exertional rhabdomyolysis

stop play, activate EMS, hydrate with fluids, hospitalization

signs of hyponatremia

low concentration of sodium in blood, swelling of the hands and feet, lethargy

symptoms of hyponatremia

headache, nausea, vomiting

management strategies for hyponatremia

include sodium in sports drinks

hydration recommendations to prevent heat illness

hydrate

clothing to prevent heat illness

lightweight, light colored clothing; cooling clothing

monitoring weight for heat illness prevention

o   Weigh before and after practices, especially early in season

o   Loss of 2% BW, not regained by next practice is significant

o   Hold from practice and focus on hydration plan

monitoring weather for heat illness prevention

Make activity recommendations based on NATA position statement

hypothermia

heat loss to environment is bigger than heat production = impaired neuromuscular response and exhaustion

wind chill

the temperature when the wind is combined with the actual air temperature

frostbite

superficial and deep; both present as pale, hard, cold, waxy skin

frostnip

firm, cold, red tingling skin, tips of nose, ears, chin, fingers, toes (painful)

lightning safety regulations

flash to bang theory

signs of altitude illnesses

swelling in and around lungs, swelling in and around brain, anemia

symptoms of altitude illnesses

headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbances, fatique

air pollution

chemicals in the air

signs of jet lag

changes in HR and changes in hormone level

symptoms of jet lag

fatigue, headache, digestive problems, sleep disturbances

management strategies of jet lag

adjust your sleep schedule, stay hydrated