Biology Lab Midterm - BISC 1111

Chemical Bonds

The attractive forces that hold atoms together

Covalent Bonds

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Molecules

Consist of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Compounds

A substance which is formed by two or more different elements that unite chemically

Electronegativity

An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Nonpolar covalent bond

The atoms share the electron equally

Polar covalent bond

One atom is electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

Polarity

Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond

Monomer

Molecules that can be bound together to create polymers

Polymer

A long chain molecule that is formed from small molecules linking together (poly = many)

Carbohydrates

Polymeric, biological macromolecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Monosaccharides

Monomers of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose)

Polysaccharides

Polymers of carbohydrates (glycogen, cellulose)

Lipids

Fats, phospholipids, steroids (not polymers)

Fatty Acids

Saturated (solid at room temp), Unsaturated (liquid at room temp), Trans Fats (made artificially via a partial hydrogenation process)

Proteins

Chain of amino acids and source of nutrients

Protein Structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Standard Curve

General method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration

Dilution equation

C1V1 = C2V2

Spectrophotometer

An instrument that measures light absorption by a molecule

Beer-Lambert Law

Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration

Absorbance Equation

absorbance = (e) (l) (c)

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

A test for presence of a specific protein

Antigen

macromolecule expressed by foreign pathogens

Epitope (antigenic determinant)

Exact site where an antibody can bind to an antigen

Antibody

Protein made by B cells in response to pathogens

Polyclonal

Spawns a huge variety of antibodies from a huge population of B cells, can have multiple antibodies target multiple epitopes on the same pathogen

Hybridoma

Fuse a single B cell to a myeloma to have consistent antibody production

Null hypothesis

The hypothesis which is to be actually tested

Alternative hypothesis

Usually stated in opposition to the null hypothesis

Myeloma

cancerous B cells that can divide forever