#13 - 🧪 Vitamins to tumor markers pp63-64

Vitamin A

Which of the following vitamins is characterized by its function as visual pigments in the retina, as well as its role in the regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin is responsible for the maintenance of calcium balance, enhancement of intestinal absorption of calcium, and mobilization of bone mineral?

Vitamin A

Night blindness, xerophthalmia, and keratinization of skin are the classical deficiency diseases and manifestations associated with which specific vitamin?

Vitamin D

Rickets, described as poor mineralization of bone, and osteomalacia, described as bone demineralization, are the definitive deficiency diseases caused by a lack of which vitamin?

Vitamin E

Which fat-soluble vitamin functions as an antioxidant, especially within cell membranes, and participates in cell signaling?

Vitamin E

Serious neurological dysfunction, although documented as extremely rare, is the primary clinical manifestation that develops during a deficiency of which vitamin?

Vitamin K

Which vitamin serves as an essential coenzyme in the formation of gamma-carboxyglutamate in enzymes of blood clotting and bone matrix?

Vitamin K

Impaired blood clotting and hemorrhagic disease are the classic deficiency manifestations and pathologies directly associated with which vitamin?

Vitamin B1

Which water-soluble vitamin functions as a coenzyme in pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases, and transketolase, while also regulating the chloride channel in nerve conduction?

Vitamin B1

Peripheral nerve damage known as beriberi or central nervous system lesions known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome are the primary deficiency diseases associated with which vitamin?

Vitamin B2

Which vitamin serves as a coenzyme in oxidation and reduction reactions as FAD and FMN, acting as a prosthetic group of flavoproteins?

Vitamin B2

Lesions of the corner of the mouth, lips, and tongue, along with seborrheic dermatitis, are the classic clinical manifestations that define a deficiency of which vitamin?

Niacin

Which vitamin participates in oxidation and reduction reactions as a functional part of NAD and NADP, and plays additional roles in intracellular calcium regulation and cell signaling?

Niacin

Pellagra, which is characterized by photosensitive dermatitis and depressive psychosis, is the classic deficiency disease belonging to which vitamin?

Vitamin B6

Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in the transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids and glycogen phosphorylase, while also modulating steroid hormone action?

Vitamin B6

Disorders of amino acid metabolism and convulsions are the specific metabolic and neurological disturbances arising from a deficiency of which vitamin?

Folic acid

Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in the transfer of one-carbon fragments and the metabolism of folic acid, but does not present with spinal cord degeneration when deficient?

Folic acid

Megaloblastic anemia, presenting without any accompanying degeneration of the spinal cord, is the direct hematologic deficiency disease associated with which vitamin?

Cobalamin

Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in the transfer of one-carbon fragments and the metabolism of folic acid, sharing its exact main text box function with folate?

Cobalamin

Pernicious anemia, which is explicitly defined as megaloblastic anemia with degeneration of the spinal cord, is the hallmark deficiency disease of which vitamin?

Pantothenic acid

Which nutrient is a functional part of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein, playing a key role in fatty acid synthesis and metabolism?

Pantothenic acid

Peripheral nerve damage described as nutritional melalgia or burning foot syndrome is the unique clinical manifestation and deficiency disease of which vitamin?

Biotin

Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis, and plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle?

Biotin

Impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism, along with dermatitis, are the characteristic deficiency diseases and findings caused by a lack of which vitamin?

Ascorbic acid

Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis, functions as an antioxidant, and enhances the absorption of iron?

Ascorbic acid

Scurvy, which presents as impaired wound healing, loss of dental cement, and subcutaneous hemorrhage, is the classic deficiency disease caused by a lack of which vitamin?

Calcium, magnesium, phosphate

Which group of minerals is primarily responsible for serving a structural function in the body?

Sodium, potassium

Which minerals are involved in membrane function by serving as the principal cations of extracellular and intracellular fluids, respectively?

Cobalt, copper, iron, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

Which group of minerals is specifically characterized by their function as prosthetic groups in enzymes?

Calcium, chromium, iodine, magnesium, manganese, sodium, potassium

Which minerals play a regulatory role or a role in hormone action within the body?

Silicon, vanadium, nickel, tin

Which group of minerals is classified as known to be essential, but their exact function remains unknown?

Fluoride, lithium

Which minerals are described as having effects in the body, but their essentiality is not established?

Aluminum, arsenic, antimony, boron, bromine, cadmium, cesium, germanium, lead, mercury, silver, strontium

Which group of minerals is defined as being without known nutritional function but highly toxic in excess?

They are produced directly by the tumor or as an effect of the tumor on healthy tissue, and their concentration increases with tumor progression, reaching highest levels when tumors metastasize

Which statement correctly defines tumor markers and their concentration behavior during disease progression?

Tumor specific, absent in healthy individuals, readily detectable in body fluids

Which of the following lists the three ideal characteristics of tumor markers?

AFP

Which major tumor marker is primarily associated with hepatic and testicular cancers?

Amylase

Which major tumor marker is paired correctly with its associated malignancy, specifically pancreatic cancer?

BRCA-1

Which major tumor marker is associated with breast or ovarian cancer?

CA-125

Which tumor marker is used to monitor ovarian cancer, specifically for treatment and recurrence?

CA-15.3

Which tumor marker is associated with breast cancer monitoring for treatment and recurrence?

CA-19.9

Which tumor marker is associated with gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers?

CA-50

Which tumor marker is utilized for gastric and pancreatic cancers, specifically tracking treatment and recurrence?

CA-27.29

Which tumor marker is described alongside CA-15.3 as being used for breast cancer treatment and recurrence monitoring?

Calcitonin

Medullary thyroid cancer is the primary associated cancer for which major tumor marker?

Cathepsin-D

Which major tumor marker is an enzyme or protein listed as being associated strictly with breast cancer?

CEA

Which major tumor marker is associated with colorectal, stomach, breast, and lung cancer, focusing on treatment and recurrence?

CK-1

Small cell lung cancer and prostate cancer are the associated malignancies for which major tumor marker?

Breast cancer

Which tumor marker is an estrogen receptor (ER) used to evaluate which type of cancer?

GGT

Which major tumor marker is associated with hepatoma?

Breast cancer

Which major tumor marker is HER-2/neu associated with?

Urinary bladder cancer

Nuclear matrix protein (NMP) serves as a major tumor marker for which type of cancer?

Calcitonin

Under the table of other tumor markers, which marker is associated with Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid?

Multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Monoclonal Immunoglobulins are classified as other tumor markers associated with which specific conditions?

B2M (Beta-2 microglobulin)

Which other tumor marker is associated with multiple myeloma and lymphomas?

Neuroblastoma and small lung cancer

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serves as an other tumor marker associated with which malignancies?

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA)

Which tumor markers are described as metabolites of norepinephrine and dopamine that serve as markers for neuroblastoma and small lung cancer?

CA 15-3, HER-2, CA 27.29

According to the section on notable tumor markers for monitoring, which three markers are grouped specifically under breast cancer?

CA 125

Which single marker is highlighted as a notable tumor marker for monitoring ovarian cancer?

CA 19-9

Which marker is explicitly categorized as a notable tumor marker for monitoring pancreatic cancer?