PSYC 2080 Knapp FINAL WOOOHOO!

Victimless Crimes

Do not appear to have a clear victim, other than perpetrator / consenting adults.

Gambling, prostitiution

What are examples of victimless crimes?

Multiculturalism

Differences in race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and disability.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Prohibits discrimination in hiring process, terms, conditions, benefits of employment, and access to work related amenities, facilities, and functions.

Disability

Physical or mental condition that substantially limits one or more life activities.

Legal Rights of Victims

Crime victims' bill of rights have been enacted in all states, half of which provide mandatory restitution.

Protection, notification, participation, voice, consultation, restitution, timeliness, and respect. (see ch 10 notes for specifics).

What are the 8 broad categories that victim's rights under the federal law fall into?

Restitution or Compensation

Recovery of some measure of economic / psychological wholeness.

Criminal courts and civil courts

What are the two legal venues for obtaining justice?

Criminal Couts

Allow victims to speak at sentencing or have their statements read to the court.

Civil Courts

Allow crime victims to seek civil remedies for the injuries they suffered as a result of criminal acts.

Notification

Requirement that victims be told about status of an offender at various stages of criminal justice process..

Allocution

Right to speak out during court proceedings.

Presenetence Reports

Documents prepared by probation officers or other professionals to help judges reach sentencing decisions, typically include a victim impact statement.

Victim Impact Statement

Person preparing report interviews victim and obtains information like the extent of suffering.

Son of Sam Laws

Deny convicted offenders right to profit from books they may write about their crimes.

Crime Victimization Data

How victimization is measured

Daily reports of crime victimization in the media exacerbate fear, and psychological trauma experienced may be more troubling than physical injury.

What are the psychological impacts of violence?

Polyvictimization

Repeated exposure to direct victimization.

Mild reactions to polyvictimization

Minor sleep disturbances, irritability, worry, interpersonal strain, attention lapses, and worsening health problems.

Severe reactions to polyvictimization

Serious depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol / drug abuse problems, and thoughts about or attempts at suicide.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Cluster of behavioral patterns resulting from psychologically distressing event outside usual range of human experience.

False, Homicide victims represent the smallest portion of violent crimes. At 1.3%

T/F: Homicide victims represent the largest portion of violent crimes?

Death notification

Process for informing family members of a death.

Reactions of Homicide Co-Victims

People close to to victims of serious crime. Must deal with medical examiner, criminal or juvenile justice system, and media in aftermath of crime.

Sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological abuse.

What are the three types of abuse Dating and intimate partner rape victims may suffer?

Sexual abuse

Forcefully engaging in sexual acts, refusing to use protective contraception.

Physical Abuse

Slapping or hitting to more severe acts such as stabbing, burning, or choking.

Psychological Abuse

Intimidation, social isolation, humiliation, verbal abuse, and other patterns designed to control victim.

Forensic Interview of a Child

Developmentally sensitive method of gathering information such as allegations of abuse or exposure to violence.

The pre-substantive phase, the substantive phase, and the closure phase.

What are the three stages of the forensic interview stage?

Pre-Substance Phase

Rapport building stage, ground rules are set.

Substantive phase

Begins with open ended questions about the incident.

The Closure Phase

Discussing neutral topic, combined with emotional support for how well child did in interview.

Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome

Cluster of behaviors that occur in children who have been victims of sexual assault by a family member or trusted adult.

evaluate child to see if allegations are supported, be an expert witness child testimony, and assess competency of child to testify.

What is a forensic psychologist's role in child sex abuse cases?

Suicide Ideation

Thinking about, considering, or planning suicide.

Extortion

Threats to expose sexual images or other embarrassing evidence of sexual activity to coerce victims to provide additional pictures, sex, money, or other favors.

Human Trafficking

Economic exploitation of an individual thru force, fraud or coercion.

True

T/F: The most lucrative of all human trafficking is sexual exploitation, especially involving women and girls.

Child Sex Trafficking

Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for purpose of exploitation.

True

T/F: Youths who experienced commercial sexual exploitation were often arrested for prostitution.

Safe Harbor Legislation

Decriminalized sexually exploited youth victims and provided rehabilitation or treatment.

Child prostitution and production/distribution of child sexual abuse material.

What are the two forms the commercial sexual exploitation of children comes in?

Complex PTSD

More severe symptoms of PTSD, including problems with relationships, emotions, and thoughts.

Survival Sex

Sexual acts are exchanged for shelter, food, and in some cases drugs.

The trafficking experience, and the social and personal environment evaluation.

What are the two domains of the victim's life that the comprehensive assessment process should capture?

The social and personal enviroment evaluation

Victims views or perceptions of self, and a social history about family, culture and community or origin.

Family Violence

Assault/Other crime that results in personal injury or death of one or more family or household members by another is is living in the same dwelling.

Intimate Partner Violence

Violence in a relationship where people may not be living together.

Stage 1 of domestic violence

Love bombing, seems wonderful and intense, with husband or partner taking active interest in everything partner does and everywhere she goes.

Stage 2 of domestic violence

He begins to insist on knowing her whereabouts at all times, begins making decisions for her and demands her loyalty to relationship; very subtle like "where are you going", "what are you doing", constant need to know what you are doing, convinces to skip plans to hangout with him.

Stage 3 of domestic violence

Woman becomes adjusted to attention, jealousies and control he displays; change your behavior to keep him happy; usually mistaken for gestures of romance and doing these things because he truly loves you.

Stage 4 of domestic violence

Beginning of excessive control through psychological or emotional abuse.

Stage 5 of domestic violence

First incident of physical abuse; often relatively minor.

Stage 6 of domestic violence

Psychological or physical abuse occurs again; things begin to ramp up, make you feel insecure about looks or intelligence.

Stage 7 of domestic violence

roughly simultaneously with stage 6, beginning of isolation process.

Stage 8 of domestic violence

As relationship continues she experiences emotional conflict or confusion.

Stage 9 of domestic violence

Abuser increases use of psychological threats or physical force to gain or maintain control or dominance.

Lack of financial resources, blaming oneself, believing child needs father, pressure from family, no temporary shelters, strong emotional attachment.

What are some reasons for women to return to abusers?

Battering

Reserved for intimate partner relationships

Family-only Batterers

Typically not violent outside family; least about of severity or frequency of violence.

Generally Violent or Antisocial Batterers

More likely to use weapons, more prone to inflict severe injury or wives, partners, or other family members; in addition to extra familial violence.

Dysphoric/Borderline Batterers

Exhibit mental disorders, psychologically disturbed or emotionally volatile.

Mandate treatment, encourage retention treatment, and supervise offenders.

What three efforts should be made when battered drop out of treatment programs?

Battered Woman Syndrome

situation occurring when a woman believes that she cannot leave the abusive situation and may even go so far as to kill her abuser, core feature include learned helplessness, dev of survival rather than escape skills, low self-esteem, and feelings of depression.

The tension building phase, the acute battering incident phase, and the honeymoon or contrition phase.

What are the three stages of the cycle of violence for battered women syndrome.

The tension building phase

May be minor, physical, emotional, or verbal abuse; victim often tries to placate abuse with limited success.

The acute battering incident phase

Escalation of serious physical violence or inability of victim to placate abuser.

The honeymoon or contrition phase

Batterer expresses anger for behavior, vows to change.

Same Sex IPV

Same way heterosexual relationships occur, major difference is how the community, police, medical personnel, and available social service programs respond to victims.

Restraining Order / Order of Protection

Judicial command that abuser not contact victim for a period of time.

Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA)

Brief actuarial measure; can be scored by police officers, info readily available to them.

Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (DVRAG)

Combines risk factors identified in ODARA to measure DV recidivism by male assailants.

Spousal Assault Risk Assessment

20-item checklist screen for risk factors in people suspected of abusing partners or being a victim of spousal abuse.

Danger Assessment (DA)

Has two parts, first is determining the severity / frequency of battering. Second is overview of tactics used by batterer.

Neglect

Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, lack of appropriate supervision, failure to provide necessary food, shelter, or medical care.

Physical Abuse

Anything that may cause physical injury, punching, beating, kicking, etc.

Sexual Abuse

Sexual fooling or rape, indecent exposure, commercial exploitation through prostitution or CSAM.

Emotional Abuse

Behavior that impairs a child's emotional dev/ sense of self esteem or worth, constant criticism or rejection.

Dynamics of Family Violence

Infanticide, Neonaticide, and Filicide

Infanticide

Homicide of children up to 2 years of age.

Neonaticide

Killing of newborn within the 1st to 24 hours.

Filicide

Killing of a child older than 24 hours.

False, mothers who commit neonaticide tend to be young, unmarried women who deny or conceal their pregnancy.

T/F: Mothers who commit neonaticide tend to be older, married women who do not conceal their pregnancy.

True

Mothers who commit filicide tend to be older and married, often having symptoms of depression.

Postpartum Blues

Crying, irritability, anxiety, confusion, rapid mood changes.

Postpartum Depression

Rare severe mental disorder occurring in 1 out of every 1,000 women following childbirth.

Medical Child Abuse

Rare form of child abuse, parent consistently or chronically subjects a child to medical attention without any "true" medical condition or symptoms being present.

Abusive Head Trauma

Previously known as shaken baby syndrome. Parent or caretaker shakes a baby so hard that serious brain damage occurs. Can also occur if an infant is thrown to floor or hard surface or beaten with fists.

One side believe memories of traumatic events can be repressed or inaccessible for years until revealing during psychotherapy. The other side believes existence of repressed memories are highly unlikely or questionable.

What is the controversy surrounding repressed and recovered memories?

Repression

Keeping something out of awareness because of unpleasant affect connected with it.

Dissociative Amnesia

Memory blocked due to severe trauma, long-term abuse.

Acquisition

Sensory information transformed, gets into memory.

Memory Storage

Maintenance of encoded information over time.

Retrieval

Bringing stored information into conscious awareness.

Iatrogenic Effect

Tendency of clinicians to unintentionally bring about symptoms or recollections in their patients.

Child Abduction

Person unlawfully leads, takes, entices, detains a child with intent to keep or conceal child from person having lawful custody.

Family or Parental Abduction

Parent or family member is perpetrated of abduction.

Acquaintance Abduction

People the child knows but are not family members is perpetrated of abduction.