private pilot study guide

what are the certification requirements to become a private pilot

must be 17 years of age,

be able to read, write, speak, and understand engines,

hold at least a third class medical,

hold a student pilot, sport pilot, or recreational pilot certificate,

receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor,

pass a knowledge test,

receive an minimum of 40 hours of flight instruction and solo flight time

what recency of flight experience is needed to take your private pilot check ride

40 hours total flight time,

20 hours dual containing 3 hours of cross country in a single engine airplane

3 hours of night time including a cross country flight over 100 nautical miles,

10 full stop TOLs in an airplane single engine,

3 hours reference to instrument in a single engine airplane,

3 hour of flight training with an authorized instructor in preparation for a practical test and must be performed in the preceding two calendar months from the test in a single engine airplane ,

10 hours solo in a single engine airplane,

5 hours cross country

one solo cross country of 150 nautical miles, straight line distance of more than 50 nautical miles, full stop landings at 3 points,

3 take off and landings, full stop at an airport with operation control tower

how do you keep your pilot certificate current

must conduct a flight review every 24 calendar months in order to keep the certificate current and must receive a logbook endorsement after to show proof

what FAR is pilot certificate currency under

61.56

what FAR is options for completing a flight review

61.56

what are the options for completing a flight review

1. one hour flight, one hour ground. review maneuvers as specified by the CFI giving the review, and ground covering the current general operating and flight rules of 14 CFR part 91

2. pass another FAA checkride for a certificate or rating

3. compete one or more phases of the FAA wings program

what are the currency requirements for carrying passengers

three take offs and landings within the preceding 90 days in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if required and at night these landings three landings must be made to a full stop

what regulation is currency requirements for passengers

61.57

do you need to take your logbook with you

only as a solo student on a cross country

what is the regulation for keeping your logbook with you

61.51

what privileges apply to a private pilot

act as pilot in command and carry passengers,

conduct search and secure operations,

fly for charitable, non profit, or community events

act as an aircraft salesman if you have at least 200 hours

what limitations apply to a private pilot

cannot fly for hire

must pay no less than pro rate share, the pilot may not pay less than hir or her proportional share of the flights operating expenses with the passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil airport expenditures, or rental fees

what regulation is about privileges and limitations for private pilots

61.113 and 91.146

what documents must you have with you to fly in the airplane

pilot certificate gov issued ID must be unexpired, medical certificate must be current and valid

what regulation goes with what you must have with you to fly the airplane

61.3

what regulation describes requirements that mist be fulfilled while operating under BasicMed privileges

you must have a current valid state drivers license

you must have held a medical certificate that was valid any time after july 15 2006

you must not have had your most recent application for a medical denied

you must compete a physical exam with a physician every four years but doesn’t have to be a AME

you must complete an online medical course every two years

what regulation is about requirements that must be fulfilled while operating under BasicMed privileges and limitation under BasicMed

part 68

what are limitations while operating under BasicMed privileges

your aircraft must be certified for seven occupants or less

you can only fly six passengers plus yourself as PIC

the aircraft is limited to 12,500 pounds for takeoff weight

flights can only be within the US and territories and the bahamas

you must fly below 18,000MSL

you must fly at 250 KIAS or less

you cannot fly for compensation or hire

what is the difference between currency and proficiency? how does this cooky to you as a private pilot

proficiency means you have the skills to fly the plane and perform the duties needed for the job and currency means you meet the legal requirements to fly

what are some risks associated with operating aircraft or systems with which you are unfamiliar

it increases the likelihood and severity of an accident or incident occurring but is decreased if you take the proper steps to becoming familiar with the aircraft

what are ways to become proficient in airplane or systems you are unfamiliar with

it requires ground knowledge, studying the systems before flying, flying with a pilot or instructor who is familiar with the aircraft/avionics, and create personal minimums

are there currency requirements for flying new avionics systems

no

what documents must be in the aircraft before flight

airworthiness

registration

radio lisence required for international flights

operating handbook

weight and balance

compass deviation card if magnetic compass is equipped

external data placard

what is the regulation for documents needed in the aircraft before flight

91.9 and 91.203

when does an aircraft registration expire

7 years

which weight and balance information must be in the aircraft, the one on the takeoff data card or the one in the airplane flight manual

updated weight and balance equipment list in the POH

with respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of airmen, what do category, class, and type mean

category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter than air

class: single engine land/sea, multi engine land/sea

type: specific to aircraft

type certificate required aircraft: only required for aircraft with a max gross weight equal or greater than 12,500lbs, turbojet, or any aircraft specified by the FAA to require one inn 61.31

if a pilot changes his permanent mailing address, how long can the pilot continue to exercise the privileges of tuber pilot certificate without notifying the FAA. which regulation is this

30 days and 61.60

can you act as pilot in command with an expired certificate

no person who holds an expired pilot certificate or rating may act as PIC or as a required pilot flight crew member of an aircraft of the same category or class that is listed on the expired certificate or rating

does an airworthiness certificate ever expire

as ling as inspections are kept up to date and the manufacturer's design is adhered to

who is responsible for ensuring an aircraft is maintained in an airworthiness condition. which regulation is this

the owner/operator. 91.403

what are the required inspections for an aircraft to remain airworthy. what are the regulations

annual: every 12 calendar months. 91.409

VOR: every 30 days for IFR 91.171

100 hour: for the airframe, power plant, and propeller

altimeter/static encoder: 24 calendar months, required for IFR flights 91.207

ELT: every 12 calendar months or after one hour cumulative use or half the battery life 91.207

service bulletins and ADs complied with

what is an airworthiness directive? is it mandatory?

FAA issued order to fix a known issue and is mandatory.

what are the different kinds of airworthiness directives

emergency: require immediate compliance before flight

one time: after the airworthiness directive is complied with one, there is no further need to address the specified issue

recurring: these airworthiness directives must be complied with at a specified interval

what is a special airworthiness information bulletin

contain non regulatory information and guidance that does not meet the criterial for an airworthiness directive

what is a special flight permit or ferry flight

a special airworthiness certificate issued but the FAA authorizing the operation of an aircraft that does not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is safe for a specific flight

when wild you need a special flight permit

flying an aircraft to a base for repairs, alterations or maintenance are to be performed or to a point of storage, delivering or exporting the aircraft, production flight testing new production aircraft, evacuation the aircraft form areas of impending danger, conducting customer demonstration flights in new production aircraft that have satisfactorily completed production flight tests, to allow the operation of an overweight aircraft for flight beyond its normal range over water or land where adequate landing facilities or fuel is not available

what is preventive maintenance and what part is it under

a pilot certifies under 14 CFR part 61 (private, sport, or higher certificate pilot) can perform specified preventive maintenance on any aircraft you own or operate. part 43

what are some examples or preventative maintenance a pilot can perform

remove, install, and repair landing gear tires, service landing gear wheel bearings (cleaning and greasing), service landing gear shock struts (adding oil, air, or both), replace defective safety wire or cotter keys, lubricate items not requiring disassembly other than removal or nonstructural items (cover plates, cowling, and fairings), replenish hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic reservoir, replace safety belts, replace bulbs, reflectors, and lenses of position and landing lights, replacing or clean spark plugs and set spark plug gap clearances, replace any hose connection, expect hydraulic connections, replace and service batteries, make simple fabric patches not requiring rib stitching or the removal of structural parts of control surfaces, replace nay cowling not requiring removal of the propeller or disconnection of flight controls

just because you’re allowed to perform preventive maintenance, should you

use a PIC mindset when making this decision

can you overfly an annual? 100 hour?. which regulation is this

the only way to overfly an annual is to obtain a special flight permit form the flight standards district office. a 100 hour can be overflown by no more than 10 hours if enroute to the place where the inspection will be done. 91.409

can an annual inspection be substituted for the 100 hour. what regulations this

yes but the 100 hour cannot be substituted for the annual. 91.409

do you always need to have an ELT in the airplane. which regulation is this

it is not needed for training within 50 nautical miles of a home airport. 91.207

when does an ELT battery have to be replaced. what regulation is this

12 calendar months, one hour cumulative use, or half the battery life. 91.207

what equipment and instruments do you need to have in the plane for VFR day. what regulation is this

altimeter, tachometer, oil temp gauge, magnetic compass, airspeed indicator, temp gauge, oil pressure, fuel quantity gauge, landing gear position indicator, anti collision lights, manifold pressure gauge, ELT, seatbelts. 91.205b

what equipment and instruments do you need to have in the plane for VFR night. what regulation is this

three fuses of each kind or one complete set, landing light if airplane is being flown for training of hire, anti collision lights, position lights/ nav lights- red on left, green on right, and white on tail, source of electricity like battery or alternator. 91.205c

what would you do if you found the landing light was inop? what regulation is this

can’t fly at night if the plane is for compensation or hire. you remove or deactivate the component and placard it inop during the day. 91.213

can you fly an airplane with known inop equipment? acronym and regulation

is it required by type certificate data sheet, airworthiness directives, pilots operating handbook, equipment list, regulations 91.205. if not placard inop, deactivate, log in maintenance binder

what is an MEL

a minimum equipment list which provides for the operation of aircraft, subject to specified conditions, with particular equipment inop prepared by an operator in conformity with, or more restrictive than the master minimum equipment list established for the aircraft type

can an aircraft owner change an MEL

a letter and a proposed MEL list that’s based off the master minimum equipment list must be sent to the faa for approval

what is a Kinds if Operation Equipment List

a list if equipment installed in an aircraft that specifies for which kinds of operations a specific piece of equipment is required and is used a part of the process of determining if an aircraft with inop equipment if airworthy

where is the airworthiness and registration information located in the plane

left pilot side pocket next to the door

what pilot action is required if inop equipment is discovered prior to flight

inop equipment and instruments must be repaired, removed, replaces, or inspected and properly deferred again at the next scheduled inspection

what is a METAR? what is it issued and its validity time

an observation of current surface weather condition. its valid for one hour unless superseded by significant weather and are issued on a regular scheduled basis 55 minutes after the hour unless significant weather changes have occurred

what is a TAF

a terminal aerodrome forecast is a forecast for na area five statue mikes in radius form the issuing airport. its valid for 24 or 30 hour time period and is updated four times daily at 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and 1800Z

what kind of weather producer will be released in place of a METAR in the event of a significant weather change

a speci is issued when weather conditions change drastically in between normal reporting periods

what does TEMPO on a TAF mean? what is thus ab indication of?

means that conditions are expected to change temporarily between forecasted time

what is an airmet

advises of weather that may be hazardous, other than convective activity, to dingle engine, other light aircraft, and VFR pilots

what are the three types of airmets and weather associated with each

airmet tango is surface winds greater than 30 knots or moderate turbulence, airmet sierra is mountain obstructions and/or ceilings less than 1000ft and/or less than 3 statute miles, airmet zulu is moderate icing and/or freezing levels

what is a sigmet

a weather advisory concerning non convective weather that is potentially to all aircraft. unscheduled forecasts valid for four hours or six hours when relating to a hurricane

what are examples of sigmets

severe icing not associated with thunderstorms, severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence not associated with thunderstorms, dust or sandstorms that lower surface or inflight visibility to below three miles, volcanic ash, hurricanes

what is a convective sigmet

a weather advisory issued for hazardous convective weather that affects the safety of every flight and are issued for severe thunderstorms with surface wins greater than 50 knots, hail at the surface greater than or equal to ¾ in diameter, tornadoes embedded thunderstorms, lines of thunderstorms or thunderstorms with heavy or greater precipitation that affect 40% or more of a 3,000 square mile or greater area

what is the difference between a convective sigmet and a sigmet

sigmets have nothing to do with convective activity and convective sigmets are focused on thunderstorms and other convective weather phenomena

what are the difference types of turbulence intensity classifications? define each

light is slight erratic changes in altitude and or attitude, moderate is change in altitude and or attitude but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times, severe is large abrupt changes in altitude and or attitude and aircraft may momentarily be out of control, extreme is aircraft is violently tossed about and practically impossible to control and ,ay case structural damage

what is the validity period of airmets? sigmets? convective sigmets?

airiest are valid for 6 hours, sigmets are vials for 4 hours, convective sigments are valid for 2 hours

what is a CWA (center weather advisory)

an unscheduled inflight weather advisory issued for hazardous weather when there is either no existing advisory or ri supplemtsn an existing advisory

for cross country flight planning how would we determine winds for in flight

using the winds aloft chart

what does 9900 mean on a winds aloft chart

winds are light and variable

what is a PIREP

pilot reports given by other pilots flying to help indicate actual in flight weather conditions

what gasses make up the atmosphere

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gasses

what are the layers of the atmosphere

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

what is considered standard atmospheric temperature and pressure

15 degrees C at sea level and a pressure of 29.92in or mercury

what is the lapse rate

the rate at which the temp and pressure decrease with any gain in altitude

what are some indication of stable air

poor visibility, stratiform clouds, continuous precipitation, absence of turbulence

what are some indication of unstable air

good visibility, cumuliform clouds, scattered precipitation, turbulence air, thunderstorms

what is convection

upward and downward movement of air

what is wind

horizontal convection

what are the three forces affecting wind heading and speed

pressure gradient force, coriolis force, friction

how does pressure travel

form high to low abdomen left from right (west to east) in the norther hemisphere

what is the coriolis force effect

circulating air is deflected toward the right in the norther hemisphere and toward the left in the southern hemisphere because the earth rotates on its axis

how does air in low pressure systems move? what kind of weather is associated with low pressure zones

counter clockwise toward the center of the low pressure system and up. thunderstorm conditions like updrafts, cloudiness, and precipitation

how does air in a high pressure system move? what kind of weathers associated with high pressure zones

clockwise, downward, and out form the center of the high pressure. generally associated with light surface winds and clear skies

what is a jet stream

a narrow band of string ends blasting through the atmosphere near the troposphere

what is valley wind

cold air falls in a valley and pushes warm air up the slopes

what is mountain wind

opposite of valley wind with cold air falling down the mountainside

what is katabatic wind

any wind blown down an incline when the incline is influential in carrying that wind

what is a land breeze

during the day, the cooler air moves from the sea to the warmer land

what is wind shear

air currents of different velocities create friction of shear between them causing a sudden drastic shift in wind speed, direction, or both that may occur in the horizontal or vertical plane

do pilot use celsius of Fahrenheit in aviation

celcius

what is the standard lapse rate

subtract 2 degrees C per 1000ft of elevation

what us an inversion

the land cools more rapidly than the air cooling the air directly above faster than the air aloft creating a layer in the atmosphere which air temp increases with altitude and is most commonly encountered on clear, calm, cool, nights causing poor visibility and structural icing at lower altitudes

what is humidity

moisture in the air

what is relative humidity

saturation level of ht air expressed as a percentage

what is the dew point

the temp the air would become 100% saturated by the moisture already present

what is a front

a front is the boundary between two different air masses

what is a cold front

the leading edge of an advancing cold air mass. a cold front will replace the less dense warm air mass at the surface traveling faster than warm fronts and as fast as 40 knots

what is a warm front

the leading edge of an advancing warm air mass and move half as fast as cold fronts due to the less dense air

what is a stationary front

a front that is moving at a speed of less than five knots and neither cold or warm air mass is able to overpower the other

what is an occluded front

occurs when a fast moving cold front catches up with a slow moving warm front

when does a cold from occlusion occur

when the air behind the occlusion is colder than the air on front of it