(Module 1D) Muscles, Blood Vessels, Nerves, Lymphatics

What are the 3 muscle tissue types?

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle

Describe Skeletal muscle.

- Most numerous

- Considered the "organs" of the muscular system

- Moves the bones

- Voluntary

Describe Cardiac muscle.

- Heart only

- Pumps blood

- Involuntary

Describe Smooth muscle.

- Surrounds tubular structures such as in the GI system or blood vessels

- Movement of substances (hair/food bolus/blood)

- Involuntary

What are the 3 connective tissue coverings?

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

What is the Epimysium?

surrounds the entire muscle

What is the Perimysium?

surrounds a fascicle

What is the Endomysium?

surrounds an individual muscle fiber

What are the 3 nerve coverings?

Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium

What is the Epineurium?

surrounds the entire nerve

What is the Perineurium?

surrounds a fascicle

What is the Endoneurium?

surrounds an individual axon

What are the 3 blood vessel layers?

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica externa (adventitia)

What are the 3 major functions of the Lymphatic System?

- Returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream

- Transports dietary lipids

- Provides immune surveillance

What are the 4 major components of the Lymphatic System?

Lymph, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Lymphoid organs

Describe the Lymphatic Capillaries (Plexuses).

- Originate blindly within tissues

- Collect excess tissue fluid, plasma proteins, bacteria, cell debris, and lymphocytes

Describe the Lymph.

Interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries

Describe the Lymphatic Vessels.

Thin-walled vessels with abundant valves

Describe the Lymphatic Trunks.

Large collecting vessels that receive lymph from multiple lymphatic vessels

What 3 anatomical structures aid in Lymphatic Drainage?

Lymphatic Ducts, Thoracic Duct, Lymph Nodes

Describe the Lymphatic Ducts

- Right Lymphatic Duct

- Drains the right upper quadrant of the body

- Empties into the right venous angle

Describe the Thoracic Duct

- Drains the remainder of the body

- Begins at the cisterna chyli

- Empties into the left venous angle

Describe the Lymph Nodes

Filter lymph before it returns to the bloodstream

What is the main function of Lymphoid organs?

produce, mature, or house lymphocytes

What does the Primary Lymphoid Organs do?

Produce and mature lymphocytes

- Thymus

- Red bone marrow

What does the Secondary Lymphoid Organs do?

House mature lymphocytes and initiate immune responses

- Spleen

- Tonsils

- Lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches and appendix)

What are the 3 ways cancer may spread from the original (primary) tumor?

1. Direct invasion

2. Direct seeding

3. Metastasis

What is Direct invasion?

growth into adjacent tissues

What is Direct seeding?

spread across serous membranes and body cavities

What is Metastasis?

spread to distant sites through (lymphatic vessels and blood vessels)

What are the 2 ways of Metastatic Spread?

1. Lymphatic Spread

2. Hematogenous Spread

What is Lymphatic spread?

- Most common route for carcinomas

- Often spreads first to regional lymph nodes

- Folllows normal lymphatic drainage

What is Hematogenous spread?

- More common route for sarcomas

- Usually spreads through veins

- Common metastatic sites: liver and lungs