Pe challenging heart flashcards

Resting cardiac output ($Q$) comparison ( L/min)

Remains identical at approximately $5\,\text{L/min}$ for both trained endurance athletes and untrained individuals.

Cardiac output calculation formula

$$Q = \text{HR} \times \text{SV}$$

Resting heart rate ($\text{HR}$) comparison

Untrained individuals average $70\text{--}72\,\text{bpm}$, whereas trained endurance athletes average below $60\,\text{bpm}$.

Resting stroke volume ($\text{SV}$) comparison (ml)

Untrained individuals average $70\,\text{ml}$, whereas endurance-trained athletes average $100\text{--}120\,\text{ml}$.

Bradycardia

A resting condition characterized by a heart rate below $60\,\text{bpm}$, typically induced by long-term aerobic adaptation.

Cardiac hypertrophy

An increase in left ventricular chamber size and muscular wall thickness, resulting in a higher resting stroke volume.

Vagus nerve

The parasympathetic pathway that releases acetylcholine ($\text{ACh}$) onto the sinoatrial node to depress intrinsic firing at rest.

Intrinsic conduction pathway

Sinoatrial ($\text{SA}$) node to atrioventricular ($\text{AV}$) node, down the Bundle of His and bundle branches, terminating in the Purkinje fibres.

what is the definition of stroke volume?

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

what is the definition of cardiac output

the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute

what is the definition for heart rate

the number of heartbeats per minute.